In 1853 the "Flying Cloud" sailed 14,000 miles from NY to San Francisco in 89 days and 8 hours. The ship was built by Donald McKay and launched in 1851.
You can see a picture and some information about the Flying Cloud at Wikispaces
Another ship Donald McKay built was "The Great Republic." Below is an article from a Naval Journal published in 1854.
THE GREAT REPUBLIC.
This largest ship in the world, this wonderful piece of naval architecture, which has just made its appearance in our harbor, was designed, built, and is owned by Donald McKay, Esq., of Boston. The discovery of California gold, and the rush of emigrants to that land, and the consequent urgent demands for supplies, have called to existence fleets of clipper ships, eight of which, had been built by Mr. McKay, before he designed the Great Republic.
They were the Flying Cloud, Flying Fish, Sovereign of the Seas, Bald Eagle, Empress of the Sea, Staghound, Westward Ho, and Staffordshire. The Flying Cloud he built on his own account. She was 1,700 tons register; made the quickest passage from New York to San •Francisco on record, in 98 days, ran in 24 consecutive hours, 374 geographical miles. Not satisfied with this triumph, he determined to build a larger clipper that would outsail the Flying Cloud. He next designed the Sovereign of the Seas, a ship of 2,400 tons, " then the largest, longest and sharpest merchant ship in the world." She was so large, and the plan of her seemed so dubious and Utopian, that no merchant would invest in her. " Mr. McKay embarked all he was worth in her," turned merchant and freighted her himself She did out-sail the Flying Cloud.— Although her passage to San Francisco was longer, " she sailed in 24 consecutive hours, 430 geographical miles, 56 miles more than the greatest run of the Flying Cloud, and in ten consecutive days she ran 3,144 miles." " In eleven months her gross earnings amounted to $200,000," when he sold her on his own terms.
In these enterprises, " experience had shown, that the passage to California had been lengthened by ths tremendous westerly gales in the vicinity ofs Cape Horn, and that to combat them successfully, vessels of a still larger size and power were necessary.
He accordingly designed the Great Republic, a ship of 4,000 tons register, and full 6,000 tons storage capacity" ; has built her and will sail her on his own account.
" She is 325 feet long 53 feet wideand her whole depth is 39 feet." Shehas four decks, is 8 feet between decks, except between her spar and upper decks which is 7 feet. She has four masts, the aft one is called the spanker mast. From her keel to the main truck is 250 feet. Few of the thousands who have visited her have left with 'any adequate idea of her enormous size.
A house 25 feet front, 50 feet deepand four stories high is as large a tenement as often meets the eye, in this city; a block of 13 such houses is a longer hloc than is often met with, and yet the hull of this monster ship occupies more space than a whole block of such dwellings. A 300 ton ship used to be considered a large craft; yet this ship -will carry as much freight, and consequently displace as much water as a fleet of twenty such vessels.
Our forests could not furnish trees of sufficient size and length, to make her fore, or main, or mizen masts.— " They are built of hard pine, doweled and bolted together, and hooped over all with iron." Her foremast is 44 inches in diameter and 130 feet long, mainmast 44 inches, and 131 feet, mizen, 40 inches and 122 feet. Her main yard is 28 inches in diameter and 120 feet long, is spliced in the middle, being formed of two of the longest pine trees. There has been used in her construction,
Of hard pine 1,5QO,000 feet.
Of white oak, 2,056 tons.
Of iron, 336 1-2 tons.
Of copper, exclusive of sheathing, 56 tons.
Canvas in a suit of sails, 15,653 yirds.
Days' work on her hull 50,000. Her crew is to consist of 100 men and 40 boys.
Notwithstanding her great size, she is one of the most beautiful models afloat. Her Figure-head is the head and beak of the Eagle. Her stern is ornamented with a spread eagle measuring Thirty-six feet from tip to tip of its wings.
Under her spar deck, in the stern and richly ornamented, is the spacious ladies' cabin with three large state rooms on either side, forward of this, the main cabin and eight state rooms; still forward, stewards' rooms, officers' rooms, hospital, and rooms for the boys; a good arrangement to keep the boys from the forecastle and under the eye of the officers. She has also, we are happy to see, a fine spacious and airy forecastle, the men are to be lodged in hammocks, like a ship of war. She has three houses on the spar deck, in one of which is a steam engine of 15 horse power, to do the hard work of the ship, such as pumping, working the flre engine, hoisting topsails, taking in and discharging cargo. With it also is connected a distilery, not of ardent spirit* but of sea water into good fresh water ; no doubt she will be a temperance ship. The engine can be shipped into a huge long boat constructed as a propeller, to be used in calm latitudes for towing the ship. An admirable Yankee contrivance, truly, to help Jack out of the doldrums.— We suppose too it can be used as a lighter to load and unload in ports where there are no wharves.
In one of the houses is a library for the men containing over one thousand volumes of profitable books, and connected with it a teacher tor the boys.
In the construction and arrangement of this noble ship there is evidently an eye to the comfort and improvement of the men, which we are most happy to note and commend.— She is to be commanded by Capt. L. McKay, a brother, we believe, of thebuilder. We bespeak for her a good crew who shall look well to the interests and honor of the Great Republic.
Showing posts with label Clipper Ships. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Clipper Ships. Show all posts
Wednesday, December 7, 2016
Monday, November 7, 2016
Clipper Ships England
Below are the opening paragraphs to an article written in "The English Illustrated Magazine" ©1893
CLIPPER SHIPS.
By HERBERT RUSSELL.
With Illustrations drawn by H. R. MILLAR.
THERE was a period, between the years 1840 and 1850, when it lookedvery much indeed as though we were going to yield our long enjoyed sovereignty of the seas to the Americans. The Baltimore clippers bade fair to outrival the ships of this country, and the Stripes and Stars were fast growing familiar colours in lands which heretofore had been accustomed to behold nothing but British bunting. Our Yankee neighbours were introducing a new form of building into their yards, and the ships which they despatched from Boston to China in 1845 were quite unlike anything that had ever gone to sea before: low hulled ; bold of beam ; lines sharp as a yacht's ; loftily sparred, and of heavy tonnage as the average burthen then went. To these vessels they gave the term of clippers. As this article deals exclusively with clipper ships, it may not be out of place to say a few words concerning the difference between this class of craft and the frigate-built ships of our own country which preceded them. Terms change their signification, and in its original meaning a frigate-built vessel was merely a ship whose decks were arranged similarly to those of a man-of-war of that rating. But latterly the definition was applied to vessels
built very full in their lines, and bluff about the bows, and run, and bilge. The old Blackwall Liners were all frigate-built ships, and although they could never come up to the clippers of their day in point of sailing qualities, they were very much more weatherly and drier in a gale of wind. The word clipper, on the other hand, to a very great extent explains itself. Young, in his dictionary of marine terms, tells us that it is " a term applied to a sharp built vessel, whereof the stern and stern-post, especially the former, have a great rake, the planking of the bow or forehoods (the timber ends) being carried forward to step in a rabbet in the cutwater. This kind of bow is termed a clipper-bow, and a vessel so built a clipper, or a clipper-built vessel. The fine lines of this vessel, in conjunction with the large quantity of canvas carried upon her, whether rigged as a ship, barque, or schooner, are united to command speed in sailing." This, then, was the type of craft which the Baltimore builders were turning out in great perfection. Their experiments—for experiments they then were—resulted in the attainment of high speed. The Mincing Lane merchants, ever eager to get the first consignments of the season's teas, were not long before they began to cast their eyes towards vessels which were delivering their freights weeks ahead of our own ships. Free trade had begun, and the result was that very soon the Thames and the Mersey were crowded with the graceful craft of the Chesapeake. Our own shipping was about this time suffering from the long
depression which followed the repeal of the Navigation Laws, and owners in this country viewed with a good deal of apprehension the steady ascendency which the Yankees were gaining over them. It was in the year 1850, however, that Mr. Richard Green, the founder of the famous Blackwall Line before alluded to, came to
triumph of the Challenge gave just the impetus which was needed to set the ship-wrights' yards ringing again to the blows
of the hammer. To the memory of Mr. Green will always belong the honour of upholding our maritime supremacy during
a very critical period. He it was who set the example, and then there were plenty ready to follow suit.
The well-known firm of Jardine, Materson and Skinner, gave an order to Messrs. Hall of Aberdeen, to construct a vessel which
should combine all the American notions of fine lines and heavy rig, with our own qualities of superior strength. As a result
the first of the famous Aberdeen clippers was launched. She was named the Stornoway, and when she sailed upon her first voyage, the patriotic determination to maintain as far as he could the prestige of our Merchant Service. At a great dinner given by one of the London Guilds, he first announced his intention in characteristic language. "We have heard," said he, "a great deal this night about the dismal prospects of British shipping ; and we have heard too from other quarters a great deal about the British Lion and the American Eagle, and the way in which the two are going to lie down together. Now I don't know anything about all that, but this I do know : that we, the British shipowners, have at last sat down to play at a fair and open game with the Americans, and by Jove ! we will trump them."
You can find the rest of the article at Google Books, here's a link.
CLIPPER SHIPS.
By HERBERT RUSSELL.
With Illustrations drawn by H. R. MILLAR.
THERE was a period, between the years 1840 and 1850, when it lookedvery much indeed as though we were going to yield our long enjoyed sovereignty of the seas to the Americans. The Baltimore clippers bade fair to outrival the ships of this country, and the Stripes and Stars were fast growing familiar colours in lands which heretofore had been accustomed to behold nothing but British bunting. Our Yankee neighbours were introducing a new form of building into their yards, and the ships which they despatched from Boston to China in 1845 were quite unlike anything that had ever gone to sea before: low hulled ; bold of beam ; lines sharp as a yacht's ; loftily sparred, and of heavy tonnage as the average burthen then went. To these vessels they gave the term of clippers. As this article deals exclusively with clipper ships, it may not be out of place to say a few words concerning the difference between this class of craft and the frigate-built ships of our own country which preceded them. Terms change their signification, and in its original meaning a frigate-built vessel was merely a ship whose decks were arranged similarly to those of a man-of-war of that rating. But latterly the definition was applied to vessels
built very full in their lines, and bluff about the bows, and run, and bilge. The old Blackwall Liners were all frigate-built ships, and although they could never come up to the clippers of their day in point of sailing qualities, they were very much more weatherly and drier in a gale of wind. The word clipper, on the other hand, to a very great extent explains itself. Young, in his dictionary of marine terms, tells us that it is " a term applied to a sharp built vessel, whereof the stern and stern-post, especially the former, have a great rake, the planking of the bow or forehoods (the timber ends) being carried forward to step in a rabbet in the cutwater. This kind of bow is termed a clipper-bow, and a vessel so built a clipper, or a clipper-built vessel. The fine lines of this vessel, in conjunction with the large quantity of canvas carried upon her, whether rigged as a ship, barque, or schooner, are united to command speed in sailing." This, then, was the type of craft which the Baltimore builders were turning out in great perfection. Their experiments—for experiments they then were—resulted in the attainment of high speed. The Mincing Lane merchants, ever eager to get the first consignments of the season's teas, were not long before they began to cast their eyes towards vessels which were delivering their freights weeks ahead of our own ships. Free trade had begun, and the result was that very soon the Thames and the Mersey were crowded with the graceful craft of the Chesapeake. Our own shipping was about this time suffering from the long
depression which followed the repeal of the Navigation Laws, and owners in this country viewed with a good deal of apprehension the steady ascendency which the Yankees were gaining over them. It was in the year 1850, however, that Mr. Richard Green, the founder of the famous Blackwall Line before alluded to, came to
triumph of the Challenge gave just the impetus which was needed to set the ship-wrights' yards ringing again to the blows
of the hammer. To the memory of Mr. Green will always belong the honour of upholding our maritime supremacy during
a very critical period. He it was who set the example, and then there were plenty ready to follow suit.
The well-known firm of Jardine, Materson and Skinner, gave an order to Messrs. Hall of Aberdeen, to construct a vessel which
should combine all the American notions of fine lines and heavy rig, with our own qualities of superior strength. As a result
the first of the famous Aberdeen clippers was launched. She was named the Stornoway, and when she sailed upon her first voyage, the patriotic determination to maintain as far as he could the prestige of our Merchant Service. At a great dinner given by one of the London Guilds, he first announced his intention in characteristic language. "We have heard," said he, "a great deal this night about the dismal prospects of British shipping ; and we have heard too from other quarters a great deal about the British Lion and the American Eagle, and the way in which the two are going to lie down together. Now I don't know anything about all that, but this I do know : that we, the British shipowners, have at last sat down to play at a fair and open game with the Americans, and by Jove ! we will trump them."
You can find the rest of the article at Google Books, here's a link.
Thursday, October 13, 2016
Clipper Ships
One of the developments in the 19th century was the building of Clipper Ships in England and America. Clipper comes from a term regarding the pace of a fast horse but with regard to the ship it is because of the bow. The bow was narrow unlike other vessels at that time and the bow extended forward. This design allowed the ships to clip through the waves.
The first ship build was for the war of 1812 the Baltimore Clipper but the first to actually show the structure we know today as the clipper ship was built in 1833 in Baltimore. These ships are said to represent the Golden age of sailing. They were built for speed and for trade, specifically low volume, high-profit products. Spices, tea, mail and people were their primary cargo.
With the invention of steam these ships were gradually replaced with steam engines but they were quiet busy through the end of the century and into the early part of the next.
Another interesting tidbit is that American Clipper ships traveled primarily from Boston, MA. to New York and to San Francisco. In order to advertise these routes they put sailing cards in the local newspapers. Here's the thing, they used color in advertising. Below are a few cards:
The first ship build was for the war of 1812 the Baltimore Clipper but the first to actually show the structure we know today as the clipper ship was built in 1833 in Baltimore. These ships are said to represent the Golden age of sailing. They were built for speed and for trade, specifically low volume, high-profit products. Spices, tea, mail and people were their primary cargo.
With the invention of steam these ships were gradually replaced with steam engines but they were quiet busy through the end of the century and into the early part of the next.
Another interesting tidbit is that American Clipper ships traveled primarily from Boston, MA. to New York and to San Francisco. In order to advertise these routes they put sailing cards in the local newspapers. Here's the thing, they used color in advertising. Below are a few cards:
Friday, April 8, 2016
Sailing Ships And Records
Below is a list of Sailing Ships and the time it took for them to sail from point A to point B. These stats come from an 1889 publication the Statistician and Economist.
SAILING VESSELS.
1851, FLYING CLOUD; American clipper ship; New York to San Francisco; 13,610 miles; 89 days; sailed 374 miles in 1 day.
1852, SworDFISH; American ship; same route; to inside of Farallones; 87 days; to port, 90 days.
1853, FLYING FISH; American ship; same route; 92 days.
1854, FLYING CLOUD; American ship; same route; 89 days and 19 hours.
1860, ANDREw JACKsoN; American clipper ship; same route; 90 days and 12 hours.
1853, FLYING DUTCHMAN: American clipper ship; same route, and return; discharged and loaded, wharf to wharf; 27,220 miles; 6 months and 21 days. San Francisco to the Equator; 2,380 miles; 11 days and 9 hours; rounded Cape Horn; 6,380 miles; 35 days.
1853, CoNTEST; American half-clipper ship; San Francisco to New York; 13,619 miles; 79 days.
1853, TRADE WIND; American clipper ship; same route; 75 days. 1857, FLYING DUTCHMAN; American clipper ship; same route; to off Staten Island; inside of 80 days; but was cast away and did not complete the voyage.
1870, YoUNG AMERICA; American clipper ship; same route; to Light-ship off Sandy Hook; loaded; 13,580 miles; 80 days and 20 hours.
1852, NoTHERN LIGHT; American half-clipper ship; San Francisco to Boston; in ballast; 13,950 miles; 75 days.
1854, RED JACKET, Am. ship; Sandy Hook, N. Y., to Liverpool; 13d. 1h. 25m.
1860, PANAMA; American ship; San Francisco to Liverpool; 13,800 miles; 86d. 17h.
1872, OBERoN; British ship; same route; 96 days.
I873, NoHTH.AMERICAN, American ship; same route; 94 days.
1870, GoLDEN GATE; British iron clipper ship; Liverpool to San Francisco; 13,800 miles; 100 days.
1872, ARCHIBALD FULLER: British bark; same route; 101 days.
1873, YoUNG AMERICA; American ship; same route; sailed 16,000 miles; 99 days.
1861, EQUATOR; Swedish ship; London to San Francisco; 14,200 miles; 113 days.
1871, ALLAHABAD; British ship; San Francisco to Sidney; 6,000 miles; 39 days.
1875, GLORY OF THE SEAs; American ship: same route; 38 days.
1862, FLYING DRAGON; American ship; New Castle to San Francisco; 45 days
1871, SwALLow; American ship; San Francisco to New Castle; 39 days.
1854, SIERRA NEvADA; American schooner, Hong Kong to San Francisco; 6,090 miles; 34 days.
1856. BLACK WARRIOR; American Ship; same route; 36 days.
1867, WiscATA; British ship; Yokohama to San Francisco; 4,750 miles; to S. F. bar, 21 days; to port, 23 days.
1884, JAMEs STAFFoRD; American Bark; same route; 1,116 tons; 21d. 12h., arrive Jan. 2d, 1885.
1854, CoMET; American clipper ship; Liverpool to Hong Kong: 13,040 miles; 84d.
1855 EUTERPE; American half-clipper ship; New York to Calcutta; 12,500 miles; 78d.
1861, CoMET; American bark; Honolulu to San Francisco; 2,080 miles; 10d. 20h.
1874, CANADA; American ship; San Francisco to Callao; 5,000 miles; 33d.
1874, NAUTILUs, American brig, Tahiti to San Francisco; 4,200; 23d.
1886, GLENAvoN; English Tea ship; Hong Kong to New York; 13,000 miles, 53 days; sailed May 28th,; arrived July 19th, 1886.
1855, MARY WHITRIDGE: American clipper ship; Baltimore to Liverpool; 3,400 miles; 13 days and 7 hours. 1859, DREADNouGHT; American clipper ship; Sandy Hook to Liverpool, 3,000 miles; 13 days and 8 hours. 1867, THORNTON; American full-ship; same route; 13 days and 9 hours.
1860, DREADNoughT; Sandy Hook to off Queenstown; 2,760 miles; 9 days and 17 hours.
1865, DREADNouGHT, Honolulu to New Bedford; 13,470 miles; 82 days.
1866, HENRIETTA; American schooner yacht; Sandy Hook to the Needles; 3,053 miles; 13 days, 21 hours, 55 minutes and 16 seconds.
1869, SAPPHo; American schooner yacht: Light-ship off Sandy Hook to Kinsale Head; 2,754 miles; 12 days, 7 hours and 51 minutes; to Queenstown; 2,857 miles 12 days, 9 hours and 34 minutes.
1869, DAUNTLEss; American schooner yacht; Light-ship off Sandy Hook to Queenstown; 2,770 miles; 12 days, 17 hours, 6 minutes and 12 seconds.
1866, TAEPING, ARIEL and SERICA; British clipper ships; Foo-chou-foo Bar, China to the Downs, England; 13,500 miles; 98 days. The Taeping reached Blackwall in 99 days.
1882, BAccHUs; British ship; Singapore to San Francisco; 7,700 miles; 49% days.
SAILING VESSELS.
1851, FLYING CLOUD; American clipper ship; New York to San Francisco; 13,610 miles; 89 days; sailed 374 miles in 1 day.
1852, SworDFISH; American ship; same route; to inside of Farallones; 87 days; to port, 90 days.
1853, FLYING FISH; American ship; same route; 92 days.
1854, FLYING CLOUD; American ship; same route; 89 days and 19 hours.
1860, ANDREw JACKsoN; American clipper ship; same route; 90 days and 12 hours.
1853, FLYING DUTCHMAN: American clipper ship; same route, and return; discharged and loaded, wharf to wharf; 27,220 miles; 6 months and 21 days. San Francisco to the Equator; 2,380 miles; 11 days and 9 hours; rounded Cape Horn; 6,380 miles; 35 days.
1853, CoNTEST; American half-clipper ship; San Francisco to New York; 13,619 miles; 79 days.
1853, TRADE WIND; American clipper ship; same route; 75 days. 1857, FLYING DUTCHMAN; American clipper ship; same route; to off Staten Island; inside of 80 days; but was cast away and did not complete the voyage.
1870, YoUNG AMERICA; American clipper ship; same route; to Light-ship off Sandy Hook; loaded; 13,580 miles; 80 days and 20 hours.
1852, NoTHERN LIGHT; American half-clipper ship; San Francisco to Boston; in ballast; 13,950 miles; 75 days.
1854, RED JACKET, Am. ship; Sandy Hook, N. Y., to Liverpool; 13d. 1h. 25m.
1860, PANAMA; American ship; San Francisco to Liverpool; 13,800 miles; 86d. 17h.
1872, OBERoN; British ship; same route; 96 days.
I873, NoHTH.AMERICAN, American ship; same route; 94 days.
1870, GoLDEN GATE; British iron clipper ship; Liverpool to San Francisco; 13,800 miles; 100 days.
1872, ARCHIBALD FULLER: British bark; same route; 101 days.
1873, YoUNG AMERICA; American ship; same route; sailed 16,000 miles; 99 days.
1861, EQUATOR; Swedish ship; London to San Francisco; 14,200 miles; 113 days.
1871, ALLAHABAD; British ship; San Francisco to Sidney; 6,000 miles; 39 days.
1875, GLORY OF THE SEAs; American ship: same route; 38 days.
1862, FLYING DRAGON; American ship; New Castle to San Francisco; 45 days
1871, SwALLow; American ship; San Francisco to New Castle; 39 days.
1854, SIERRA NEvADA; American schooner, Hong Kong to San Francisco; 6,090 miles; 34 days.
1856. BLACK WARRIOR; American Ship; same route; 36 days.
1867, WiscATA; British ship; Yokohama to San Francisco; 4,750 miles; to S. F. bar, 21 days; to port, 23 days.
1884, JAMEs STAFFoRD; American Bark; same route; 1,116 tons; 21d. 12h., arrive Jan. 2d, 1885.
1854, CoMET; American clipper ship; Liverpool to Hong Kong: 13,040 miles; 84d.
1855 EUTERPE; American half-clipper ship; New York to Calcutta; 12,500 miles; 78d.
1861, CoMET; American bark; Honolulu to San Francisco; 2,080 miles; 10d. 20h.
1874, CANADA; American ship; San Francisco to Callao; 5,000 miles; 33d.
1874, NAUTILUs, American brig, Tahiti to San Francisco; 4,200; 23d.
1886, GLENAvoN; English Tea ship; Hong Kong to New York; 13,000 miles, 53 days; sailed May 28th,; arrived July 19th, 1886.
1855, MARY WHITRIDGE: American clipper ship; Baltimore to Liverpool; 3,400 miles; 13 days and 7 hours. 1859, DREADNouGHT; American clipper ship; Sandy Hook to Liverpool, 3,000 miles; 13 days and 8 hours. 1867, THORNTON; American full-ship; same route; 13 days and 9 hours.
1860, DREADNoughT; Sandy Hook to off Queenstown; 2,760 miles; 9 days and 17 hours.
1865, DREADNouGHT, Honolulu to New Bedford; 13,470 miles; 82 days.
1866, HENRIETTA; American schooner yacht; Sandy Hook to the Needles; 3,053 miles; 13 days, 21 hours, 55 minutes and 16 seconds.
1869, SAPPHo; American schooner yacht: Light-ship off Sandy Hook to Kinsale Head; 2,754 miles; 12 days, 7 hours and 51 minutes; to Queenstown; 2,857 miles 12 days, 9 hours and 34 minutes.
1869, DAUNTLEss; American schooner yacht; Light-ship off Sandy Hook to Queenstown; 2,770 miles; 12 days, 17 hours, 6 minutes and 12 seconds.
1866, TAEPING, ARIEL and SERICA; British clipper ships; Foo-chou-foo Bar, China to the Downs, England; 13,500 miles; 98 days. The Taeping reached Blackwall in 99 days.
1882, BAccHUs; British ship; Singapore to San Francisco; 7,700 miles; 49% days.
Monday, October 13, 2014
Ships
Have you ever wondered what ship your Historical Characters were traveling on during the 19th Century. Below is a list of various ships that comes from Illustrated Marine Encyclopedia ©1890
DIFFERENT RIGS.
Ship. — Full-rigged-ship A three masted ship fore-mast, main-mast, and mizen-mast, each mast is fitted with a topmast, topgallant-mast and royal-mast; all are square rigged, i. e : rigged with yards and square sails. See Plates 73, 74 & 75.
Four-mast-ship. A vessel having four square rigged masts, viz: tore-mast, main-mast, mizen-mast, and jigger-mast. See Plate 76.
Barque. — Bark. A three masted vessel; fore mast, main-mast, and mizen-niast; the two foremast masts are square rigged as in a ship; the after or mizen-mast has no yards, being fitted with a topmast only, and carries a gaff-sail (called the spanken and a gaff-topsail. See Plate 77.
Four-mast-barque. A four masted vessel; fore-mast, main-mast, mizenuiast, and jigger-mast; the three foremost masts are square rigged, the hindmost mast carries no yards, being fitted only with a topmast. See Plate 78.
Barquentine. — Barkentine. A three masted vessel ; fore-mast, mainmast, and mizen-mast. the fore-mast only is square rigged ; the main-and mizen-masts are fitted with topmasts only. See Plate 7tf.
Brig. A two masted vessel; fore-mast and main-mast both square rigged i. e: exactly as the two foremost masts of a full rigged ship, or a barque. See Plate 80.
Snow. Is a Brig as just described to which the name „ Snow" is by some given, when .. Snow-masts " i. e: spars about the thickness of a ..Studding-sail-boom" (and on which „ Trysails" are carried) are fitted close abaft and connected to the ordinary lower-masts of a tt Brig".
Brigantine. A two masted vessel; fore-mast and main-mast, the foremast is square rigged, and the after or main-mast (of a greater length than the tore-mast) carries a boom-sail called „ main-sail'1, and is fitted with a topmast, carrying a gaff-topsail. See Plate 81.
Topsail-schooner. — A two masted vessel ; fore-mast and main-mast; the fore-mast is fitted with yards and square sails, which are lighter than those of a brigantine, and carrying a loose square foresail (only used when sailing with a fair wind); the main, or after mast is rigged like the after mast in a brigantine. See Plate 82.
Three-mast-topsail-schooner. A three masted vessel: fore-mast, mainmast, and mizen-mast. — The fore-mast is rigged like the fore-mast in a topsail-schooner; and the two after masts are fitted with boom-sails, and gaff-topsails, like those in a barquentine. See Plate 79.
Fore and aft schooner. — Bermuda-schooner. — Common-schooner. A two masted vessel; the lower masts are generally long, and fitted with a short topmast without yards; and they carry only boom-sails and gaff-topsails. See Plato 82.
Three-mast fore and aft schooner. A three masted vessel; usually with long lower masts, and short topmasts; on which boom-sails and gafftopsails are carried. See Plate 83.
Chasse-maree. — Lugger. A small three masted vessel (french); with fore-mast, main-mast, and jigger-mast; on all of which lug-sails are carried. See Plate 84.
Cutter. A one mast vessel; with topmast and running-bowsprit, carries a mainsail, gaff-topsail, staysail, and jibs. See Plate 84.
Sloop. In the mercantile-marine this term is not clearly defined ; — on the Continent it is applied to a vessel frequently of considerable size, having one mast and rigged as a Cutter, but of less finished design and neatness both in the form of the hull, as well as the rig; they are employed in the transport of cargoes over sea, for fishing purposes, etc.
In England the distinction between a Cutter and a Sloop, appears to be; that a Cutter is fitted with a long running bowsprit, and carries a fore-staysail, and one or more jibs; while a Sloop is fitted with a short standing bowsprit (also called ..Bumkin") on which one head-sail only, comprising fore-staysail and jib in one, is carried.
Yawl. A Yacht or other small vessel built and rigged as a Cutter, but having in addition a small mast, called jigger-mast, on which a lateen-sail is carried, placed at her extreme after end.
DIFFERENT RIGS.
Ship. — Full-rigged-ship A three masted ship fore-mast, main-mast, and mizen-mast, each mast is fitted with a topmast, topgallant-mast and royal-mast; all are square rigged, i. e : rigged with yards and square sails. See Plates 73, 74 & 75.
Four-mast-ship. A vessel having four square rigged masts, viz: tore-mast, main-mast, mizen-mast, and jigger-mast. See Plate 76.
Barque. — Bark. A three masted vessel; fore mast, main-mast, and mizen-niast; the two foremast masts are square rigged as in a ship; the after or mizen-mast has no yards, being fitted with a topmast only, and carries a gaff-sail (called the spanken and a gaff-topsail. See Plate 77.
Four-mast-barque. A four masted vessel; fore-mast, main-mast, mizenuiast, and jigger-mast; the three foremost masts are square rigged, the hindmost mast carries no yards, being fitted only with a topmast. See Plate 78.
Barquentine. — Barkentine. A three masted vessel ; fore-mast, mainmast, and mizen-mast. the fore-mast only is square rigged ; the main-and mizen-masts are fitted with topmasts only. See Plate 7tf.
Brig. A two masted vessel; fore-mast and main-mast both square rigged i. e: exactly as the two foremost masts of a full rigged ship, or a barque. See Plate 80.
Snow. Is a Brig as just described to which the name „ Snow" is by some given, when .. Snow-masts " i. e: spars about the thickness of a ..Studding-sail-boom" (and on which „ Trysails" are carried) are fitted close abaft and connected to the ordinary lower-masts of a tt Brig".
Brigantine. A two masted vessel; fore-mast and main-mast, the foremast is square rigged, and the after or main-mast (of a greater length than the tore-mast) carries a boom-sail called „ main-sail'1, and is fitted with a topmast, carrying a gaff-topsail. See Plate 81.
Topsail-schooner. — A two masted vessel ; fore-mast and main-mast; the fore-mast is fitted with yards and square sails, which are lighter than those of a brigantine, and carrying a loose square foresail (only used when sailing with a fair wind); the main, or after mast is rigged like the after mast in a brigantine. See Plate 82.
Three-mast-topsail-schooner. A three masted vessel: fore-mast, mainmast, and mizen-mast. — The fore-mast is rigged like the fore-mast in a topsail-schooner; and the two after masts are fitted with boom-sails, and gaff-topsails, like those in a barquentine. See Plate 79.
Fore and aft schooner. — Bermuda-schooner. — Common-schooner. A two masted vessel; the lower masts are generally long, and fitted with a short topmast without yards; and they carry only boom-sails and gaff-topsails. See Plato 82.
Three-mast fore and aft schooner. A three masted vessel; usually with long lower masts, and short topmasts; on which boom-sails and gafftopsails are carried. See Plate 83.
Chasse-maree. — Lugger. A small three masted vessel (french); with fore-mast, main-mast, and jigger-mast; on all of which lug-sails are carried. See Plate 84.
Cutter. A one mast vessel; with topmast and running-bowsprit, carries a mainsail, gaff-topsail, staysail, and jibs. See Plate 84.
Sloop. In the mercantile-marine this term is not clearly defined ; — on the Continent it is applied to a vessel frequently of considerable size, having one mast and rigged as a Cutter, but of less finished design and neatness both in the form of the hull, as well as the rig; they are employed in the transport of cargoes over sea, for fishing purposes, etc.
In England the distinction between a Cutter and a Sloop, appears to be; that a Cutter is fitted with a long running bowsprit, and carries a fore-staysail, and one or more jibs; while a Sloop is fitted with a short standing bowsprit (also called ..Bumkin") on which one head-sail only, comprising fore-staysail and jib in one, is carried.
Yawl. A Yacht or other small vessel built and rigged as a Cutter, but having in addition a small mast, called jigger-mast, on which a lateen-sail is carried, placed at her extreme after end.
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