This information on fractures comes from Mackenzie's Ten Thousand Receipts ©1867 What I like about this is the concise nature of the information given because it is not a medical book but simply a book of useful information and the kind of information my historical characters would be aware of. It's a fairly long excerpt but well worth the research read, imho.
OF Fractures.
The signs by which fractures may be known having been already pointed out with sufficient minuteness, it will be unnecessary to dwell thereon; it will be well, however, to recollect this general rule: In cases where, from the accompanying circumstances and symptoms, a strong suspicion exists that the bone is fractured, it is proper to act as though it were positively ascertained to be so.
Fracture of the Bone of the Nose.
The bones of the nose from their exposed situation are frequently forced in. Any smooth article that will pass into the nostril should be immediately introduced with one hand, to raise the depressed portions to the proper level, while the other is employed in moulding them into the required shape. If violent inflammation follow, bleed, purge, and live on a low diet.
Fracture of the Lower Jaw.
This accident is easily discovered by looking
into the mouth, and is to be remedied by keeping the lower jaw firmly pressed against the upper one by means of a bandage passed under the chin and over the head. If it is broken near the angle, or that part nearest the ear, place a cushion or roll of linen in the hollow behind it, over which the bandage must pass, so as to make it push that part of the bone forward. The parts are to be confined in this way for twenty days, during which time all the nourishment that is taken should be sucked between the teeth. If, in consequence of the blow, a tooth is loosened, do not meddle with it, for if let alone, it will grow fast again.
Fracture of the Collar-Bone.
This accident is a very common occurrence, and is known at once by passing the finger along it, and by the swelling, etc. To reduce it, seat the patient in a chair, without any shirt, and place a pretty stout compress of linen, made in the shape of a wedge, under his arm, the thick end of which should press against the arm-pit. His arm, bent to a right angle at the elbow, is now to be brought down to his side, and secured in that position by a long bandage, which passes over the arm of the affected side and round the body. The forearm is to be supported across the breast by a sling. It takes from four to five weeks to re-unite.
Fracture of the Arm.
Seat the patient on a chair, or the side of a bed. Let one assistant hold the sound arm, while another grasps the wrist of the broken one and steadily extends it in an opposite direction, bending the forearm a little, to serve as a lever. Yon can now place the bones in their proper situation. Two splints of shingle or stout pasteboard, long enough to reach from below the shoulder to near the elbow, must be then well covered with tow or cotton, and laid along each side of the arm, and kept in that position by a bandage. The forearm is to be supported in a sling. Two small splints may, for better security, be laid between the first ones, that is, one on top and the other underneath the arm, to be secured by the bandage in the same way as the others.
Fracture of the Bone of the Forearm.
These are to be reduced precisely in the same way, excepting the mode of keeping the upper portion of it steady, which is done by grasping the arm above the elbow. Apply two splints, one extending to the palm and one to the back of the hand, and over them a bandage. When the splints and bandage are applied, support it in a sling.
Fracture of the Wrist.
This accident is of rare occurrence. When it does happen the injury is often so great as to require amputation. If you think the hand can be saved, lay it on a splint well covered with tow; this extends beyond the fingers. Plaoc another splint opposite to it, lined with the same soft material, and secure them by a bandage. The hand is to be carried in a sling.
The bones of the hand are sometimes broken. When this is the case fill the palm with soft compresses or tow, and then lay a splint on it long enough to extend from the elbow to beyond the ends of the fingers, to be secured by a bandage, as usual.
When a finger is broken, extend the end of it until it becomes straight, place the fractured portion in its place, and then apply two small pasteboard splints, one below and the other above, to be secured by a narrow bandage or adhesive straps. The top splint should extend from the end of the finger over the back or the hand. It may sometimes be proper to have two additional splint for the sides of the finger.
Fracture of the Rib.
When, after a fall or blow, the patient complains of a pricking in his hide, we may suspect a rib is broken. It is ascertained by placing the tips of two or three fingers on the spot where the pain is, and desiring the patient to cough, when the grating sensation will be felt All that is necessary is to pass a broad bandage round the ehest, so tight as to prevent the motion of the ribs in breathing, and to observe a low diet Fracture* of the Tkigk.
This bone is frequently broken, and hitherto has been considered the most difficult of all fractures to manage. To the ingenuity, however, of the late Dr. J. Harts borne, of this city, the world is indebted for an apparatus which does away the greatest impediments that have been found to exist in treating it, so as to leave a straight limb, without lameness or deformity. Nor is it the least of its merits, that any man of common sense can apply it nearly as well as a surgeon.
Fractured thighs and legs generally reunite in six or eight weeks; in old men, however, they are three or four months.
In cases of fracture of the thigh or leg, the patient should always, if possible, be laid on a mattress, supported by boards instead of the sacking, which, from its elasticity and the yielding of
the eords, is apt to derange the posstion of the limb.
Fraetures of the Knee-pan.
This aeeident is easily aseertained on inspeetion. It may he hroken in any direetion, hut is most generally so aeross or transversely. It is redueed hy hringing the fragments together, and keeping them in thut position hy a long handage passed earefully round the leg, from the ankle to the knee, then pressing the upper fragment down so as to meet its fellow (the leg heing extended), and plaeing a thiek eompress of linen ahove it, over whieh the handage is to he eontinued.
The extended limb is now to he laid on a hroad splint, extending from the huttoek to the heel, thiekly eovered with tow to fill up the inequalities of the leg. For additional seeurity, two strips of muslin may he nailed to the middle of the splint, and one on eaeh side, and passed ahove the joint, the one helow, the other ahove, so as to form a figure of eight. In twenty or thirty days the limh should he moved a little to prevent stiffness. But it usually requires two or three months for perfeet union of this hone.
If the fraeture is through its length, hring the parts together, plaee a eompress on eneh side, and keep them together with a handage, leaving the limh extended and at rest . Any inflammation in this or other fraeture is to he eomhated hy hleeding, low diet, etc., etc.
Fraetures of the Leg.
From the thinness of the parts eovering the prineipal hone of the leg, it is easy to aseertain if it he hroken ohliquely. If, however, the fraeture he direetly aeross, no displaeement will oeeur, hut the pain, swelling, and the grating sensation will suffieiently deeide the nature of the aeeident .
If the fraeture is ohlique, let two assistants extend the limh, while the hroken parts are plaeed hy the hand in their natural position. Two splints, that reaeh from a little ahove the knee to nine or ton inehes helow the foot, having near the upper end of eaeh four holes, and a vertieal mortiee near the lower end, into whieh is fitted a eross-pieee, are now to he applied as follows:—Lay two pieees of tape ahout a foot long on eaeh side of the leg, just helow the knee-joint, and seeure them there hy several turns of a handage; pass a silk handkerehief round the ankle, eross it on the instep, and tie it under the sole of the foot. The two splints are now plaeed one on eaeh side of the leg, the four ends of the pieees of tape passed through the four holes and firmly tied, and the eross-pieee plaeed in the mortiee. By tying the ends of the handkerehief to this eross-pieee the husiness is finished.
If the fraeture is aeross, and no displaeement exists, apply two splints of stout pastehoard, reaehing from the heel to the knee, and well eovered with tow, one on eaeh side of the leg, seeuring them hy a handage passing round the limh, and outside the splints. Instead of splints, however, a fraeture-hox is often used, made hy fastening, with hinges, to a hottom-pieee rather longer than the leg, two side-pieees ahout six inehes high, and reaehing ahove the knee. The leg may rest in this on a pillow. A foothoard fastened to the hottom-pieee may serve to fix the foot hy the aid of a handage.
In cases of ohlique fracture of the leg close to the knee.
Fractures of the Bones of the Foot. The bone of the heel is sometimes, though rarely, broken. It is known by a crack at the moment of the accident, a diffieulty in standing, by the swelling, and by the grating noise on moving the heel. To reduee, take a long handage, lay the end of it on the top of the foot, earry it over the toes under the sole, and then by several turns secure it in that position.
The foot heing extended as mueh as possihle, earry the handage along the haek of the leg ahove the knee, where it is to he seeured hy several turns, and then hrought down on the front of the leg, to whieh it is seeured hy eireular turns. In this way the hroken pieees will he kept in eontaet, and in the eourse of a month or six weeks will he united.
Fraetures of the foot, toes, ete., are to he treated like those of the hand and fingers.
Friday, June 6, 2014
Thursday, June 5, 2014
Dinner & Evening Parties
This article comes from Miss Beecher's Domestic Receipt Book ©1871. What I like about this is that she's suggesting how those of a moderate income can entertain.
FOR DINNER AND EVENING PARTIES.
The following directions for a dinner-party are designed for a young and inexperienced housekeeper, in moderate circumstances, who receives visiters at her table from the most wealthy circles.
They are not intended for what would be called u stylish dinner-party, but what in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, in the most respectable society, would be called a plain, substantial dinner, and as complete and extensive as any young housekeeper, with the ordinary supply of domestics, ought to attempt anywhere. Anything much more elaborate than this, usually demands the services of a professed cook. The details will be given with great minuteness, that a novice may know exactly what to do in every particular.
It is generally the case, that, at dinner-parties for gentlemen, no ladies are present but those who are members of the family. The gentleman of the house invites his friends the day previous, and then gives notice to his wife who are to come, and consults with her as to the articles to be provided, which of course he aids in purchasing.
The housekeeper then makes a list of all the articles to be used, either for table furniture or cooking, and then examines her cupboard, store-closet, and cellar, to see if everything is at hand and in order. All the glass and silver to be used is put in readiness, and the castors, salts, and everything of the kind arranged properly. In order to be more definite, the exact dishes to be provided will be supposed to be these:
Soup. Fish. A boiled ham. A boiled turkey, with Oyster sauce. Three roasted ducks, and a dish of scolloped oysters. Potatoes, Parsnips, Turnips, and Celery, For dessert, Pudding, Pastry, Fruit, and Coffee.
This will make a dinner for about ten or twelve persons. The pastry should be baked the day before, and the soup boiled down.
In the morning of the day for the dinner-party, every article should be on hand from market, and the cook have extra help, so as to get breakfast and the dishes out of the way early.
Then, the first thing, let her stuff and truss the turkey and ducks, and set them away to use when the time comes. Be sure that they are trussed so that the legs and wings will be tight to the body, and not come sprawling on to the table.
Suppose the dinner hour be three o'clock, as this is the earliest hour at which such a dinner could be comfortably prepared.
At nine o'clock, let the ham be washed, and put to boil. Then let the vegetables be prepared, ready for cooking. Next prepare the pudding. The pastry ought to be baked the day before. If not, it should be done very early in the morning, and be out of the way.
FOR DINNER AND EVENING PARTIES.
The following directions for a dinner-party are designed for a young and inexperienced housekeeper, in moderate circumstances, who receives visiters at her table from the most wealthy circles.
They are not intended for what would be called u stylish dinner-party, but what in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston, in the most respectable society, would be called a plain, substantial dinner, and as complete and extensive as any young housekeeper, with the ordinary supply of domestics, ought to attempt anywhere. Anything much more elaborate than this, usually demands the services of a professed cook. The details will be given with great minuteness, that a novice may know exactly what to do in every particular.
It is generally the case, that, at dinner-parties for gentlemen, no ladies are present but those who are members of the family. The gentleman of the house invites his friends the day previous, and then gives notice to his wife who are to come, and consults with her as to the articles to be provided, which of course he aids in purchasing.
The housekeeper then makes a list of all the articles to be used, either for table furniture or cooking, and then examines her cupboard, store-closet, and cellar, to see if everything is at hand and in order. All the glass and silver to be used is put in readiness, and the castors, salts, and everything of the kind arranged properly. In order to be more definite, the exact dishes to be provided will be supposed to be these:
Soup. Fish. A boiled ham. A boiled turkey, with Oyster sauce. Three roasted ducks, and a dish of scolloped oysters. Potatoes, Parsnips, Turnips, and Celery, For dessert, Pudding, Pastry, Fruit, and Coffee.
This will make a dinner for about ten or twelve persons. The pastry should be baked the day before, and the soup boiled down.
In the morning of the day for the dinner-party, every article should be on hand from market, and the cook have extra help, so as to get breakfast and the dishes out of the way early.
Then, the first thing, let her stuff and truss the turkey and ducks, and set them away to use when the time comes. Be sure that they are trussed so that the legs and wings will be tight to the body, and not come sprawling on to the table.
Suppose the dinner hour be three o'clock, as this is the earliest hour at which such a dinner could be comfortably prepared.
At nine o'clock, let the ham be washed, and put to boil. Then let the vegetables be prepared, ready for cooking. Next prepare the pudding. The pastry ought to be baked the day before. If not, it should be done very early in the morning, and be out of the way.
Wednesday, June 4, 2014
1875 Fashions Part 2
Continuing with last week's 1875 fashions here are a few more images.
Women's Dresses
Various Hats and Bonnets
Here's a link to an index of all my Historical Fashions Posts
Women's Dresses
Various Hats and Bonnets
Here's a link to an index of all my Historical Fashions Posts
Tuesday, June 3, 2014
THE PROVIDING AND CARE OF FAMILY STORES
This article comes from Miss Beecher's Domestic Receipt Book ©1871. It's a rather lengthy article but you'll want to continue with the read, as she gives a list of the essential ingredients every home should have.
THE PROVIDING AND CARE OF FAMILY STORES.
The art of keeping a good table, consists, not in loading on a variety at each meal, but rather in securing a successive variety, a table neatly and tastefully set, and everything that is on it, cooked in the best manner.
There are some families who provide an abundance of the most expensive and choice articles, and spare no expenses in any respect, who yet have everything cooked in such a miserable way, and a table set in so slovenly a manner, that a person accustomed to a really good table, can scarcely taste a morsel with any enjoy merit.'
On the contrary, there are many tables where the closest economy is practised, and yet the table-cloth is so white and smooth, the dishes, silver, glass, and other table articles so bright, and arranged with such propriety, the bread so white, light, and sweet, the butter so beautiful, and every other article of food so well cooked, and so neatly and tastefully served, that everything seems good, and pleases both the eye and the palate.
A habit of doing everything in the best manner, is of unspeakable importance to a housekeeper, and every woman ought to aim at it. however great thedifficu'aes she may have to meet. If a young housekeeper commences with a determination to try to do everything in the best manner, and perseveres in the effort, meeting all obstacles with patient cheerfulness, not only the mor al, but the intellectual tone of her mind is elevated by the attempt. Although she may meet many insuperable difficulties, and may never reach the standard at which she aims, the simple effort, persevered in, will have an elevating influence on her character, while at the same tvne she actually will reach a point of excelience far ahead of those who, discouraged by many obstacles, give up in despair, and resolve to make no more efforts, and let things go as they will. The grand distinction between a noble and an ignoble mind is, that one will control circumstances; the other yields, and aV lows circumstances to control her.
It should be borne in mind, that the constitution of man demands a variety of food, and that it is just as cheap to keep on hand a good variety of materials in the store-closet, so as to make a frequent change, as it is to buy one or two articles at once, and live on them exclusively, till every person is tired of them, and then buy two or three more of another kind.
It is too frequently the case, that families fall into a very limited round of articles, and continue the same course from one year to another, when there is a much greater variety within reach, of articles which are just as cheap and easily obtained, and yet remain unthought of and untouched.
A thrifty and generous provider, will see that hei store-closet is furnished with such a variety of articles, that successive changes can be made, and for a good length of time. To aid in this, a slight sketch of a well-provided store-closet will be given, with a description of the manner in which each article should be stored and kept, in order to avoid waste and injury. To this will be added, modes of securing a successive variety, within the reach of all in moderate circumstances.
It is best to have a store closet open from a kitchen, because the kitchen fire keeps the atmosphere dry, and this prevents the articles stored from moulding, and other injury from dampness. Yet it must not be kept warm, as there are many articles which are injured by warmth.
A cool and dry place is indispensable forastore-ioom, and a small window over the door, and another opening out-doors, is a great advantage, by securing coolness, and a circulation of fresh air.
Flour should be kept in a barrel, with a flour scoop to dip it, a sieve to sift it, and a pan to hold the sifted flour, either in the b irrel, or close at hand. The barrel should have a tight cover to keep out mice and vermin. It is best, when it can be conveniently done, to find, by trial, a lot of first-rate flour, and then Buy a year's supply. But this should not be done, unless there are accomirodations for keeping it dry and cool, and protecting it from vermin.
THE PROVIDING AND CARE OF FAMILY STORES.
The art of keeping a good table, consists, not in loading on a variety at each meal, but rather in securing a successive variety, a table neatly and tastefully set, and everything that is on it, cooked in the best manner.
There are some families who provide an abundance of the most expensive and choice articles, and spare no expenses in any respect, who yet have everything cooked in such a miserable way, and a table set in so slovenly a manner, that a person accustomed to a really good table, can scarcely taste a morsel with any enjoy merit.'
On the contrary, there are many tables where the closest economy is practised, and yet the table-cloth is so white and smooth, the dishes, silver, glass, and other table articles so bright, and arranged with such propriety, the bread so white, light, and sweet, the butter so beautiful, and every other article of food so well cooked, and so neatly and tastefully served, that everything seems good, and pleases both the eye and the palate.
A habit of doing everything in the best manner, is of unspeakable importance to a housekeeper, and every woman ought to aim at it. however great thedifficu'aes she may have to meet. If a young housekeeper commences with a determination to try to do everything in the best manner, and perseveres in the effort, meeting all obstacles with patient cheerfulness, not only the mor al, but the intellectual tone of her mind is elevated by the attempt. Although she may meet many insuperable difficulties, and may never reach the standard at which she aims, the simple effort, persevered in, will have an elevating influence on her character, while at the same tvne she actually will reach a point of excelience far ahead of those who, discouraged by many obstacles, give up in despair, and resolve to make no more efforts, and let things go as they will. The grand distinction between a noble and an ignoble mind is, that one will control circumstances; the other yields, and aV lows circumstances to control her.
It should be borne in mind, that the constitution of man demands a variety of food, and that it is just as cheap to keep on hand a good variety of materials in the store-closet, so as to make a frequent change, as it is to buy one or two articles at once, and live on them exclusively, till every person is tired of them, and then buy two or three more of another kind.
It is too frequently the case, that families fall into a very limited round of articles, and continue the same course from one year to another, when there is a much greater variety within reach, of articles which are just as cheap and easily obtained, and yet remain unthought of and untouched.
A thrifty and generous provider, will see that hei store-closet is furnished with such a variety of articles, that successive changes can be made, and for a good length of time. To aid in this, a slight sketch of a well-provided store-closet will be given, with a description of the manner in which each article should be stored and kept, in order to avoid waste and injury. To this will be added, modes of securing a successive variety, within the reach of all in moderate circumstances.
It is best to have a store closet open from a kitchen, because the kitchen fire keeps the atmosphere dry, and this prevents the articles stored from moulding, and other injury from dampness. Yet it must not be kept warm, as there are many articles which are injured by warmth.
A cool and dry place is indispensable forastore-ioom, and a small window over the door, and another opening out-doors, is a great advantage, by securing coolness, and a circulation of fresh air.
Flour should be kept in a barrel, with a flour scoop to dip it, a sieve to sift it, and a pan to hold the sifted flour, either in the b irrel, or close at hand. The barrel should have a tight cover to keep out mice and vermin. It is best, when it can be conveniently done, to find, by trial, a lot of first-rate flour, and then Buy a year's supply. But this should not be done, unless there are accomirodations for keeping it dry and cool, and protecting it from vermin.
Monday, June 2, 2014
Misc. Railroad Related News from 1898
What I find interesting about some of this news, is one, the prices being paid, two, the news that was selected for those reading the Railway Locomotives and Cars. This journal is filled with all kinds of engineering information as well as practical info on locations and expansions of the various railroads.
MISCELLANEOUS. The Pratt & Whitney Company of Hartford are working day and night to turn out machinery for making rapid-flre machine guns.
A new Union Station for Pittsburg is being planned. It will be on the site of the present one, and will cost $3,000,000. The tracks will be elevated.
Messrs. Manning, Maxwell & Moore have received an order for a 72-inch Pond planer for the Davis-Egan Company. The planer will have four heads and a 40-foot table.
Magnesia Sectional Covering, furnished by the Keasbey & Mattison Co. of Ambler, Pa., was furnished for the steam motor car built by the Schenectady Locomotive Works for the Erie
Japan is reported to be about ready to order material and equipment for a large foundry to be built and operated by the government, the amount of foreign orders for which will be about $2,250,000.
The Rushnell Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of car seats for steam, elevated, electric and cable railroads, have opened an office at 43 Cedar street New York, where all correspondence should be addressed to Mr. E. M. Bushntll, Vice-President of the company.
The Edward P. Allis Company, of Milwaukee, has an order for six vertical cross-compound condensing engines, with cylinders 46x 86 in. by 60 in. stroke, for the Metropolitan Street Railway of New York. The engines will weigh about 1,000,000 pounds each, and it will require over 125 freight cars to transport the six engines to New York.
The buildings at the works of Messrs. Siemens & Halske, in Charlottenburg, Germany, occupy nearly 270,000 square feet of ground, and the number of employees is 4,000. There are 1.366 machine tools in the shops driven by shafts and belting, while 444 others are driven by direct connected electric motors. There are 472 electric motors in regular use at these works.
The Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co. has changed its dining car system from the table d'hote to the a la carte plan with the result of increased profits, better service and greater satisfaction on the part of patrons. The cars are open for business during the entire time they are on the train, and the innovation seems to have met with the approval of the passengers.
Car curtains in the form of roller shades with a leather-like surface upon one side and a textile fabric on the other are being introduced by the Pantasote Company to replace slatted blinds. This material is impervious to moisture and not affected by rain or sponging, heat or frost. It does not fade, shrink or stretch, and Is especially adapted to car seats, for which It has for a long time been used.
A belt dressing that prevents slipping and preserves the life of the leather is offered by the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. of Jersey City, N. J. Belts are usually tightened on the first appearance of the slipping, and tight belts are known to wear rapidly. This dressing has had a good and a long record, having been used at the Paris Exposition in 1878 on the chief belt in the machinery department at that exhibition.
There are large tracts of coal lands near Meyersdale, Pa., on the Baltlimore & Ohio Railroad which capitalists are beginning to develop. A new road about five miles long has been pushed into this region and will soon be ready for operation. It is one of a number of small lines that are being built by outside parties to develop hitherto inaccessible tracts of both coal and timber lands in Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
It is stated on good authority that the O, M. & St. P. Ry. will soon change certain of its suburban lines to electric traction. The Evanston division has been the subject of considerable investigation in this connection, and the plan likely to be adopted is to connect with the Northwestern Elevated, which will bring the suburban line in direct communication with the city streets by means of the Union Loop. This would be an ideal plan.
Mr. D. M. Brady, of the Brady Metal Company, informs us that his company furnished the Magnus Metal bearings for the cars and engines used in the fast newspaper train which ran from Jersey City to Buffalo over the Erie Railroad on Saturday, February 15, a distance of 425 miles, in 426 minutes of actual running time. He also states that Magnus metal Is now In use on 6,827 locomotives and 235,242 cars in various parts of the world.
A new boiler, called the Paragon boiler, especially designed for yachts, tugs and canal steamers, has Just been patented in the United States and Canada by Capt. M. DePuy, 19 South street, New York. Its claims are for specially good circulation and favorable arrangement of heating surface, as well as simpllcity of construction and accessibility for cleaning and repairs. The inventor has had a long experience .with marine boilers, and has used it in this design.
The cars for the two new express trains for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry., now building by the Barney & Smith Car Company, will be equipped with the Two-Coil, Jolntless Steel, Fire Proof Baker Heater. Mr. Baker reports that he has just furnished 28 Single-Coil Fire Proof Heaters for the Great Northern Railroad's new cars, building by the same firm. The Louisville & Nashville, Missouri Pacific and Pennsylvania lines have also been liberal buyers of his fire proof heaters during the last few months.
The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad has purchased 10,000 tons of 80-pound steel rails for the lines west of the Ohio River. The order will be divided between the Central Ohio, the Chicago and the Lake Erie Divisions, and will make that portion of the system a fit companion for the lines east of the Ohio, which are rapidly being placed in the best shape. About 15,000 tons of the 40,000 bought last Summer for the main line will be placed in the tracks this Spring, giving the Baltimore. & Ohio new rail from the Ohio River to tidewater.
The Page Woven Wire Fence Company at Ontario has recently received orders for 200 miles of fence for use on the Atlantic & Lake Superior Railway, for 42 miles on the Pembroke Southern, and for a carload for the Intercolonial Railway. The Niagara Cataract and Power Company has also ordered a carload. Beside these orders regular requisitions from railroads amount to several times as much, and the farm trade is also very large and growing rapidly. The order for the Atlantic & Lake Superior road amounts to about 30 carloads of fencing.
MISCELLANEOUS. The Pratt & Whitney Company of Hartford are working day and night to turn out machinery for making rapid-flre machine guns.
A new Union Station for Pittsburg is being planned. It will be on the site of the present one, and will cost $3,000,000. The tracks will be elevated.
Messrs. Manning, Maxwell & Moore have received an order for a 72-inch Pond planer for the Davis-Egan Company. The planer will have four heads and a 40-foot table.
Magnesia Sectional Covering, furnished by the Keasbey & Mattison Co. of Ambler, Pa., was furnished for the steam motor car built by the Schenectady Locomotive Works for the Erie
Japan is reported to be about ready to order material and equipment for a large foundry to be built and operated by the government, the amount of foreign orders for which will be about $2,250,000.
The Rushnell Manufacturing Company, manufacturers of car seats for steam, elevated, electric and cable railroads, have opened an office at 43 Cedar street New York, where all correspondence should be addressed to Mr. E. M. Bushntll, Vice-President of the company.
The Edward P. Allis Company, of Milwaukee, has an order for six vertical cross-compound condensing engines, with cylinders 46x 86 in. by 60 in. stroke, for the Metropolitan Street Railway of New York. The engines will weigh about 1,000,000 pounds each, and it will require over 125 freight cars to transport the six engines to New York.
The buildings at the works of Messrs. Siemens & Halske, in Charlottenburg, Germany, occupy nearly 270,000 square feet of ground, and the number of employees is 4,000. There are 1.366 machine tools in the shops driven by shafts and belting, while 444 others are driven by direct connected electric motors. There are 472 electric motors in regular use at these works.
The Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Co. has changed its dining car system from the table d'hote to the a la carte plan with the result of increased profits, better service and greater satisfaction on the part of patrons. The cars are open for business during the entire time they are on the train, and the innovation seems to have met with the approval of the passengers.
Car curtains in the form of roller shades with a leather-like surface upon one side and a textile fabric on the other are being introduced by the Pantasote Company to replace slatted blinds. This material is impervious to moisture and not affected by rain or sponging, heat or frost. It does not fade, shrink or stretch, and Is especially adapted to car seats, for which It has for a long time been used.
A belt dressing that prevents slipping and preserves the life of the leather is offered by the Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. of Jersey City, N. J. Belts are usually tightened on the first appearance of the slipping, and tight belts are known to wear rapidly. This dressing has had a good and a long record, having been used at the Paris Exposition in 1878 on the chief belt in the machinery department at that exhibition.
There are large tracts of coal lands near Meyersdale, Pa., on the Baltlimore & Ohio Railroad which capitalists are beginning to develop. A new road about five miles long has been pushed into this region and will soon be ready for operation. It is one of a number of small lines that are being built by outside parties to develop hitherto inaccessible tracts of both coal and timber lands in Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
It is stated on good authority that the O, M. & St. P. Ry. will soon change certain of its suburban lines to electric traction. The Evanston division has been the subject of considerable investigation in this connection, and the plan likely to be adopted is to connect with the Northwestern Elevated, which will bring the suburban line in direct communication with the city streets by means of the Union Loop. This would be an ideal plan.
Mr. D. M. Brady, of the Brady Metal Company, informs us that his company furnished the Magnus Metal bearings for the cars and engines used in the fast newspaper train which ran from Jersey City to Buffalo over the Erie Railroad on Saturday, February 15, a distance of 425 miles, in 426 minutes of actual running time. He also states that Magnus metal Is now In use on 6,827 locomotives and 235,242 cars in various parts of the world.
A new boiler, called the Paragon boiler, especially designed for yachts, tugs and canal steamers, has Just been patented in the United States and Canada by Capt. M. DePuy, 19 South street, New York. Its claims are for specially good circulation and favorable arrangement of heating surface, as well as simpllcity of construction and accessibility for cleaning and repairs. The inventor has had a long experience .with marine boilers, and has used it in this design.
The cars for the two new express trains for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Ry., now building by the Barney & Smith Car Company, will be equipped with the Two-Coil, Jolntless Steel, Fire Proof Baker Heater. Mr. Baker reports that he has just furnished 28 Single-Coil Fire Proof Heaters for the Great Northern Railroad's new cars, building by the same firm. The Louisville & Nashville, Missouri Pacific and Pennsylvania lines have also been liberal buyers of his fire proof heaters during the last few months.
The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad has purchased 10,000 tons of 80-pound steel rails for the lines west of the Ohio River. The order will be divided between the Central Ohio, the Chicago and the Lake Erie Divisions, and will make that portion of the system a fit companion for the lines east of the Ohio, which are rapidly being placed in the best shape. About 15,000 tons of the 40,000 bought last Summer for the main line will be placed in the tracks this Spring, giving the Baltimore. & Ohio new rail from the Ohio River to tidewater.
The Page Woven Wire Fence Company at Ontario has recently received orders for 200 miles of fence for use on the Atlantic & Lake Superior Railway, for 42 miles on the Pembroke Southern, and for a carload for the Intercolonial Railway. The Niagara Cataract and Power Company has also ordered a carload. Beside these orders regular requisitions from railroads amount to several times as much, and the farm trade is also very large and growing rapidly. The order for the Atlantic & Lake Superior road amounts to about 30 carloads of fencing.
Saturday, May 31, 2014
Continuing Thursday's Post with regard to newspaper indexes.
Here is a link to "History and Present Condition of the Newspaper and Periodical Press" ©1884 In these pages you'll find lists by states of the various states. Below is an example from Iowa:
IOWA.
Area, 55,475 square miles; population, 1,624,615; 99 counties— newspapers published in all. The total number of newspapers and periodicals published in 1840 was 4; in 1850, 29; 1860, 130; 1870, 233; 1880, .">69. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 30; weeklies, 500; semi-weeklies, 3; tri-weeklies, 1; bi-weeklies, 2; monthlies, 31; semi-monthlies, 1; quarterlies, 1. In each of 140 towns one paper was published; in 61, two; in 33, three; in 10 four; and in 21, five or more.
EARLY HISTORY.
1836, May 11.—Printing was introduced at Dubuque. The publications prior to 1842 were as follows: (a)
1836, May 11.—The Dubuque Visitor, established at Dubuque Lead Mines, Wisconsin territory, by John King. Now published as the Dubuque Herald.
1837, June 3.—The Iowa News, at Dubuque, by RusseU & Coriell. 1837, July 8.—The Western Adventurer, at Montrose, by Thomas
Gregg.
1837, July 8.—The Wisconsin Territorial Gazette, at Burlington, by Clark & Jacobs. Now published as the Burlington Gazette.
1837, September.—The Western Emigrant and Historian, at Montrose, by Thomas Gregg; monthly, 16 pages. But three numbers were issued.
1838, March 24.—The Fort Madison Patriot, at Fort Madison, by James E. Edwards. Removed to Burlington, November 27, 1833, and called the Burlington Patriot. Now published as the Burlington Hawlrye.
1838, August 4.—The Iowa Sun, at Davenport, by Andrew Log:in. Now published as the Davenport Democrat.
1840, October 23.—The Iowa Standard, at Bloomington (now Muscatine), by William Cram.
1840, October 27.—The Bloomington Herald, at Bloomington (now Muscatine), by Thomas Hughes.
1841, May 23.— The Fort Madison Courier, at Fort Madison, by R. W. Albright.
1841, June 10.—The Iowa City Standard, at Iowa City, by William Cram. Now published as the Ioxea City Republican.
1841, July.—The Miner's Express, at Dubuque, by Avery Thomas.
1841, July 30.— The Iowa City Argus, at Iowa City, by Nathan Jackson.
1841, August 26.—The Davenport Gazette, at Davenport, by Alfred Saunders. The first steam press in Iowa was used in this office in 1855. The daily (first in the state) was established October 16, 1854. Still published.
1841, December 3.—The Iowa Capital Reporter, at Iowa City, byHughes & Van Antwerp. Now published as the Iowa State Press.
a Compiled by John Springer, of Iowa City.
IOWA.
Area, 55,475 square miles; population, 1,624,615; 99 counties— newspapers published in all. The total number of newspapers and periodicals published in 1840 was 4; in 1850, 29; 1860, 130; 1870, 233; 1880, .">69. The publications during 1880 were divided, according to periods of issue, as follows: Dailies, 30; weeklies, 500; semi-weeklies, 3; tri-weeklies, 1; bi-weeklies, 2; monthlies, 31; semi-monthlies, 1; quarterlies, 1. In each of 140 towns one paper was published; in 61, two; in 33, three; in 10 four; and in 21, five or more.
EARLY HISTORY.
1836, May 11.—Printing was introduced at Dubuque. The publications prior to 1842 were as follows: (a)
1836, May 11.—The Dubuque Visitor, established at Dubuque Lead Mines, Wisconsin territory, by John King. Now published as the Dubuque Herald.
1837, June 3.—The Iowa News, at Dubuque, by RusseU & Coriell. 1837, July 8.—The Western Adventurer, at Montrose, by Thomas
Gregg.
1837, July 8.—The Wisconsin Territorial Gazette, at Burlington, by Clark & Jacobs. Now published as the Burlington Gazette.
1837, September.—The Western Emigrant and Historian, at Montrose, by Thomas Gregg; monthly, 16 pages. But three numbers were issued.
1838, March 24.—The Fort Madison Patriot, at Fort Madison, by James E. Edwards. Removed to Burlington, November 27, 1833, and called the Burlington Patriot. Now published as the Burlington Hawlrye.
1838, August 4.—The Iowa Sun, at Davenport, by Andrew Log:in. Now published as the Davenport Democrat.
1840, October 23.—The Iowa Standard, at Bloomington (now Muscatine), by William Cram.
1840, October 27.—The Bloomington Herald, at Bloomington (now Muscatine), by Thomas Hughes.
1841, May 23.— The Fort Madison Courier, at Fort Madison, by R. W. Albright.
1841, June 10.—The Iowa City Standard, at Iowa City, by William Cram. Now published as the Ioxea City Republican.
1841, July.—The Miner's Express, at Dubuque, by Avery Thomas.
1841, July 30.— The Iowa City Argus, at Iowa City, by Nathan Jackson.
1841, August 26.—The Davenport Gazette, at Davenport, by Alfred Saunders. The first steam press in Iowa was used in this office in 1855. The daily (first in the state) was established October 16, 1854. Still published.
1841, December 3.—The Iowa Capital Reporter, at Iowa City, byHughes & Van Antwerp. Now published as the Iowa State Press.
a Compiled by John Springer, of Iowa City.
Friday, May 30, 2014
Sorry no post today
Hi all,
I'm sorry there isn't a post today. I had a morning filled with doctor appointments and allergy tests. Since I didn't react to the 79 pricks and needles they're doing more tests, ugh.
Anyway, I'm hoping to put another post together for tomorrow to make up for the missing one today.
Have a great weekend.
In His grip,
Lynn
I'm sorry there isn't a post today. I had a morning filled with doctor appointments and allergy tests. Since I didn't react to the 79 pricks and needles they're doing more tests, ugh.
Anyway, I'm hoping to put another post together for tomorrow to make up for the missing one today.
Have a great weekend.
In His grip,
Lynn
Thursday, May 29, 2014
Newspaper Indexes
Every now and again I stumble on something I think will be quite helpful for others while researching their projects. Today I'd like to share about a source that is sometimes overlooked and not always that easy to find, "A Newspaper Index" I make use of this while I'm visiting historical societies and trying to find other interesting tidbits that were going on in the year I'm setting my story. Google books now has some of these indexes online, I've found two but there are probably more.
Here is a link to Index to the Newspapers Published in Geneva, NY
And another to Palmer's Index to the Times
The largest free site that I'm aware of for access to Newspapers is Chronicling America hosted by the Library of Congress. It's a bit slow at times but the quality of the news papers are really very good.
There are paid sites available that have historical newspapers but this blog primarily speaks to free online sources.
Here is a link to Index to the Newspapers Published in Geneva, NY
And another to Palmer's Index to the Times
The largest free site that I'm aware of for access to Newspapers is Chronicling America hosted by the Library of Congress. It's a bit slow at times but the quality of the news papers are really very good.
There are paid sites available that have historical newspapers but this blog primarily speaks to free online sources.
Wednesday, May 28, 2014
1875 Historical Fashions
Today's Historical Fashions are from 1875:
Ladies Everyday or Common Dress
Mantle & Winter Hat
Cloak
Jacket & Hat
Ladies
Carriage Dress
Walking Dress
Children
Here's a link to an index of all my Historical Fashions Posts
Ladies Everyday or Common Dress
Mantle & Winter Hat
Ladies
Carriage Dress
Walking Dress
Children
Here's a link to an index of all my Historical Fashions Posts
Tuesday, May 27, 2014
Horses in Florida
While working on my St. Augustine Series (The first in the series Winning the Captain's Heart releases in July) I found this little tidbit about horses, that might be helpful to some of you as well.
Horses, when kept properly stabled out of the sun and dews, and fed and groomed as any good horse should be, thrive as well in Florida as in any other portion of the South. The principal drawback in keeping a horse in good condition, especially in the towns and cities of Middle and South Florida, is the sandy roads. Out in the little-traveled country and in the woods, the roads are well enough, and a horse can trot along as well as anywhere; but in the towns, where the roads are deeply cut up, it is very hard upon all draught-animals, and great care should be taken not to overload or overwork them. In particular, a good horse should not be intrusted to the care of a colored hostler or driver, if you care much for the horse. A mule is best adapted to a negro teamster; it being among the predestinate things of nature that negroes and mules should come together.
Sandy roads are the worst feature of life in Florida, and will be for many years, for there is no method of effectually improving them except at great expense. The roads in Northern Florida are free of sand, except in a very few localities, and are as good as any country roads in the whole country, and in some localities in the southern counties there are also good stretches of roads; but in the latter section generally they are sandy to a degree that it is more easy to resent than to describe. This prevents much carriage-riding or walking on the roads, and is the principal cause of the very little visiting among neighbors in the scattered settlements, where it is quite noticeable that the women seldom exchange visits, or indulge in " calls," as is the very popular custom among their Northern sisters.
But in those counties where the roads are sandiest are found the most numerous lakes; indeed, the whole region is a network of lakes, and the settlers' homes are generally bordering on or adjacent to a lake. These lake-side dwellers are sure to have a row-boat, and in such cases visits are more frequently interchanged among the accessible neighbors. Saddles, row-boats, steamers, and railroads will always be the principal methods of travel and intercommunication. Carriages for pleasure, or wagons for labor, will never be so common, or so necessary, as elsewhere.
In the case of horses, as in that of cows, the Northernraised animals, especially the fancy breeds, do not do well in Florida, particularly if any work is required of them. The Western horses would probably be found better adapted to the climate and other conditions, but they have not yet been introduced in any considerable numbers. The native horse is a small, bony, pot-bellied animal, very shabby-looking and destitute of "style," but capable of more work on a scantier supply of provender than any other creature with which I am acquainted, except a mule. The demand for horses in Florida at present much exceeds the supply, and the prices are consequently disproportionately high, and this is another department of stock-raising to which farmers should give more attention. Specimens that I have seen show that under proper care and treatment the native variety is capable of being made a very presentable as well as serviceable animal.
Source: Florida for Tourists, Invalids, and Settlers ©1884
Horses, when kept properly stabled out of the sun and dews, and fed and groomed as any good horse should be, thrive as well in Florida as in any other portion of the South. The principal drawback in keeping a horse in good condition, especially in the towns and cities of Middle and South Florida, is the sandy roads. Out in the little-traveled country and in the woods, the roads are well enough, and a horse can trot along as well as anywhere; but in the towns, where the roads are deeply cut up, it is very hard upon all draught-animals, and great care should be taken not to overload or overwork them. In particular, a good horse should not be intrusted to the care of a colored hostler or driver, if you care much for the horse. A mule is best adapted to a negro teamster; it being among the predestinate things of nature that negroes and mules should come together.
Sandy roads are the worst feature of life in Florida, and will be for many years, for there is no method of effectually improving them except at great expense. The roads in Northern Florida are free of sand, except in a very few localities, and are as good as any country roads in the whole country, and in some localities in the southern counties there are also good stretches of roads; but in the latter section generally they are sandy to a degree that it is more easy to resent than to describe. This prevents much carriage-riding or walking on the roads, and is the principal cause of the very little visiting among neighbors in the scattered settlements, where it is quite noticeable that the women seldom exchange visits, or indulge in " calls," as is the very popular custom among their Northern sisters.
But in those counties where the roads are sandiest are found the most numerous lakes; indeed, the whole region is a network of lakes, and the settlers' homes are generally bordering on or adjacent to a lake. These lake-side dwellers are sure to have a row-boat, and in such cases visits are more frequently interchanged among the accessible neighbors. Saddles, row-boats, steamers, and railroads will always be the principal methods of travel and intercommunication. Carriages for pleasure, or wagons for labor, will never be so common, or so necessary, as elsewhere.
In the case of horses, as in that of cows, the Northernraised animals, especially the fancy breeds, do not do well in Florida, particularly if any work is required of them. The Western horses would probably be found better adapted to the climate and other conditions, but they have not yet been introduced in any considerable numbers. The native horse is a small, bony, pot-bellied animal, very shabby-looking and destitute of "style," but capable of more work on a scantier supply of provender than any other creature with which I am acquainted, except a mule. The demand for horses in Florida at present much exceeds the supply, and the prices are consequently disproportionately high, and this is another department of stock-raising to which farmers should give more attention. Specimens that I have seen show that under proper care and treatment the native variety is capable of being made a very presentable as well as serviceable animal.
Source: Florida for Tourists, Invalids, and Settlers ©1884
Monday, May 26, 2014
Memorial Day
In 1868, three years after the end of the Civil War, Union Veterans declared a day for Memorial of those who fought. It wasn't until after WWI that Memorial Day began the recognition of all soldiers who fought.
There's an online book in Google books The National Memorial Day Which dates to 1870.
You can find other addresses given on Memorial Day during different years. Perhaps your characters are sitting in the audience during one of these addresses. Or perhaps they are crowd control, or could they be there because of a threat to one of the speakers?
Anyway, just a few thoughts, tidbits about how you might use this National Holiday correctly in your historical setting. Enjoy!
And if you're a veteran reading this post, thanks for your service. It means a lot to me.
There's an online book in Google books The National Memorial Day Which dates to 1870.
You can find other addresses given on Memorial Day during different years. Perhaps your characters are sitting in the audience during one of these addresses. Or perhaps they are crowd control, or could they be there because of a threat to one of the speakers?
Anyway, just a few thoughts, tidbits about how you might use this National Holiday correctly in your historical setting. Enjoy!
And if you're a veteran reading this post, thanks for your service. It means a lot to me.
Saturday, May 24, 2014
Ointments
Here is a sample of some of the ointments made and used during the 19th Century. I took out the technical name of each of these ointments but I've included the list of ingredients.
Ointment of Gallic Acid." for a preparation made rom ten parts of gallic acid and ninety parts of benzoinated lard. Rub the gallic acid with the benzoinated lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron spatula. It may be found useful as an astringent, but it is inferior to the ointment of tannic acid.
Ointment of Tannic Acid.” for a preparation made thus: Take of tannic acid, ten parts; of benzoinated lard, ninety parts. Rub the tannic acid with the benzoinated lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron spatula. This ointment is an excellent application in many cases of piles and prolapsus ani. it may be used also in flabby ulcers. According to the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, it was prepared as follows: Take of tannic acid, thirty grains; lard, a troyounce. Rub the tannic acid with the lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron spatula.
Ointment of Rose-Water," or Cold Cream. for a preparation made from fifty parts of expressed oil of almond, ten parts of spermaceti, ten parts of white wax, and thirty parts of rose-water, to make one hundred parts. Melt together at a moderate heat the oil, spermaceti, and wax; then gradually add the rose~ water, stirring the mixture briskly and constantly until it is cool, and continue the stirring until it has become uniformly soft and creamy. This is a pleasant cooling application to irritated and excoriatcd surfaces, and may be used with great advantage for chapped lips and hands.
Iodine Ointment. for an Ointment made from four parts of iodine, one part of iodide of potassium, two parts of water, and tiinety-three parts of benzoinated lard. Rub the iodine and iodide of potassium first with the water, and then with the benzoinated lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron spatula. This is useful as a local application in goitre,scrofulous swellings of the glands, and other chronic tumefactions, internal or external.
Source: A Complete Pronouncing Medical Dictionary ©1893
Ointment of Gallic Acid." for a preparation made rom ten parts of gallic acid and ninety parts of benzoinated lard. Rub the gallic acid with the benzoinated lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron spatula. It may be found useful as an astringent, but it is inferior to the ointment of tannic acid.
Ointment of Tannic Acid.” for a preparation made thus: Take of tannic acid, ten parts; of benzoinated lard, ninety parts. Rub the tannic acid with the benzoinated lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron spatula. This ointment is an excellent application in many cases of piles and prolapsus ani. it may be used also in flabby ulcers. According to the Pharmacopoeia of 1870, it was prepared as follows: Take of tannic acid, thirty grains; lard, a troyounce. Rub the tannic acid with the lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron spatula.
Ointment of Rose-Water," or Cold Cream. for a preparation made from fifty parts of expressed oil of almond, ten parts of spermaceti, ten parts of white wax, and thirty parts of rose-water, to make one hundred parts. Melt together at a moderate heat the oil, spermaceti, and wax; then gradually add the rose~ water, stirring the mixture briskly and constantly until it is cool, and continue the stirring until it has become uniformly soft and creamy. This is a pleasant cooling application to irritated and excoriatcd surfaces, and may be used with great advantage for chapped lips and hands.
Iodine Ointment. for an Ointment made from four parts of iodine, one part of iodide of potassium, two parts of water, and tiinety-three parts of benzoinated lard. Rub the iodine and iodide of potassium first with the water, and then with the benzoinated lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed, avoiding the use of an iron spatula. This is useful as a local application in goitre,scrofulous swellings of the glands, and other chronic tumefactions, internal or external.
Source: A Complete Pronouncing Medical Dictionary ©1893
Friday, May 23, 2014
Portland Cement
When I hear the term of Portland Cement I always thought that the stuff came from a manufacturer in Portland...NOT! Okay below are some basic tidbits on Portland Cement from 19th Century sources:
The term ''Portland Cement" as here used means an artificial cement made by mixing in certain known proportions, clay and chalk containing silica, alumina, iron, and carbonate of lime, and burning this mixture to the point of incipient vitrifaction and then reducing this burned product to an impalpable powder.
The term "Portland Cement" primarily means an artificial mixture. The term "Natural Portland" has very much the same meaning as natural artificial would have.
...
In the making of Portland cement. The selection of the raw materials, their proper treatment by the different methods in general use. The burning of this material with the types of kilns used. The reduction of the clinker to cement powder and its proper storage.
...
Source: Portland Cement it's Manufacture ©1895
PORTLAND cement is generally made from two material (chalk and clay), which are mechanically combined previous to calcination, the proportions of which are therefore always liable to variation; and as the results obtained will have different properties, the necessity of testing at once becomes apparent, not solely to detect a bad or imperfect cement, but also to determine the peculiar properties which the particular cement under consideration may posess, and as a guide to the means to be employed in order that it may be used to the best advantage.
Source: Portland Cement for Users ©1890
And lastly this tidbit from The Encyclopaedia Britannica ©1833 to help understand how the word 'cement' was used.
CEMENTS, substances employed to nnjte together by their solidification from a soft or liquid state, and without mechanical rivets, things of the same or of different kinds. Stony cements may be natural, as the lime employed for mortar, and the so-called Roman cements; or they may be artificial, as Portland cement, made by calcining mixtures of chalk with clay or river-mud (see Building, Vol iv. p. 459) Roman contains more clay than Portland cement, and seta more rapidly. A good artificial water cement is obtained by heating for some hours to redness a mixture of 3 parts of clay and 1 part of slaked lime by measure. Another hydraulic cement may be made by mixing powdered clay and oxide of iron with water. A very hard stone cement is prepared from 20 parts of clean river sand, 2 of litharge, I of quicklime, worked into a paste with linseedoil. Paper-pulp, mixed with size and plaster of Paris is used for moulded ornaments. Keene't marble cement is plaster of Paris which has been steeped in strong solution of alum or sulphate of potash, and calcined and ground. It is slaked with alum solution when used. In Martin's cement, pearl-ash is employed as well as alum. Parian cement contains borax. Selenitic cement is a mixture of calcined gypsum, sand, and hydraulic lime. A cement used for cracks in boilers is a mixture of clay 6 parts and iron filings 1 part with linseed-oil. For steam-joints, ox-blood thickened with quicklime is employed. The iron-rust cement consists of 100 parts of iron turnings, with 1 part of sal-ammoniac; this is an excellent cement for ironwork. For water-tight joints, equal parts of white and red lead are worked into a paste with linseed-oiL A serviceable packing for connecting pipes, making joints, filling cracks in retorts,
The term ''Portland Cement" as here used means an artificial cement made by mixing in certain known proportions, clay and chalk containing silica, alumina, iron, and carbonate of lime, and burning this mixture to the point of incipient vitrifaction and then reducing this burned product to an impalpable powder.
The term "Portland Cement" primarily means an artificial mixture. The term "Natural Portland" has very much the same meaning as natural artificial would have.
...
In the making of Portland cement. The selection of the raw materials, their proper treatment by the different methods in general use. The burning of this material with the types of kilns used. The reduction of the clinker to cement powder and its proper storage.
...
Source: Portland Cement it's Manufacture ©1895
PORTLAND cement is generally made from two material (chalk and clay), which are mechanically combined previous to calcination, the proportions of which are therefore always liable to variation; and as the results obtained will have different properties, the necessity of testing at once becomes apparent, not solely to detect a bad or imperfect cement, but also to determine the peculiar properties which the particular cement under consideration may posess, and as a guide to the means to be employed in order that it may be used to the best advantage.
Source: Portland Cement for Users ©1890
And lastly this tidbit from The Encyclopaedia Britannica ©1833 to help understand how the word 'cement' was used.
CEMENTS, substances employed to nnjte together by their solidification from a soft or liquid state, and without mechanical rivets, things of the same or of different kinds. Stony cements may be natural, as the lime employed for mortar, and the so-called Roman cements; or they may be artificial, as Portland cement, made by calcining mixtures of chalk with clay or river-mud (see Building, Vol iv. p. 459) Roman contains more clay than Portland cement, and seta more rapidly. A good artificial water cement is obtained by heating for some hours to redness a mixture of 3 parts of clay and 1 part of slaked lime by measure. Another hydraulic cement may be made by mixing powdered clay and oxide of iron with water. A very hard stone cement is prepared from 20 parts of clean river sand, 2 of litharge, I of quicklime, worked into a paste with linseedoil. Paper-pulp, mixed with size and plaster of Paris is used for moulded ornaments. Keene't marble cement is plaster of Paris which has been steeped in strong solution of alum or sulphate of potash, and calcined and ground. It is slaked with alum solution when used. In Martin's cement, pearl-ash is employed as well as alum. Parian cement contains borax. Selenitic cement is a mixture of calcined gypsum, sand, and hydraulic lime. A cement used for cracks in boilers is a mixture of clay 6 parts and iron filings 1 part with linseed-oil. For steam-joints, ox-blood thickened with quicklime is employed. The iron-rust cement consists of 100 parts of iron turnings, with 1 part of sal-ammoniac; this is an excellent cement for ironwork. For water-tight joints, equal parts of white and red lead are worked into a paste with linseed-oiL A serviceable packing for connecting pipes, making joints, filling cracks in retorts,
Thursday, May 22, 2014
Land-shark
In searching google books I found only a handful of references to "land-sharks' but the one below I thought a good insight to a person who might engage in such behavior. Perhaps, you might find a land-shark in one of your books. Enjoy!
One class of persons against whom the new-comer must be on his guard is the "land-shark." There are land agents in Florida who are as trustworthy as the same class anywhere, and whose advice and assistance may be of great service to the settler; but, on the other hand, almost every locality is infested by one or more "sharks," who prey upon new-comers by offering them "the greatest bargain to be had in the State," the prices asked being usually about twice as much as the property could actually be bought for. Usually very plausible in manners and talk, these men are well calculated to impose upon the inexperienced, but a little inquiry among other parties will usually suffice to expose their true character. One rule should be inflexibly adhered to by the settler, and that is, never to be persuaded into "closing" hastily with a "bargain," and never to buy a piece of land until he has consulted two or three different parties as to its quality and price.
Source: Florida for Tourists, Invalids and Settlers ©1884
One class of persons against whom the new-comer must be on his guard is the "land-shark." There are land agents in Florida who are as trustworthy as the same class anywhere, and whose advice and assistance may be of great service to the settler; but, on the other hand, almost every locality is infested by one or more "sharks," who prey upon new-comers by offering them "the greatest bargain to be had in the State," the prices asked being usually about twice as much as the property could actually be bought for. Usually very plausible in manners and talk, these men are well calculated to impose upon the inexperienced, but a little inquiry among other parties will usually suffice to expose their true character. One rule should be inflexibly adhered to by the settler, and that is, never to be persuaded into "closing" hastily with a "bargain," and never to buy a piece of land until he has consulted two or three different parties as to its quality and price.
Source: Florida for Tourists, Invalids and Settlers ©1884
Wednesday, May 21, 2014
1835 Fashions
This is the only image I have so far for 1835 fashions and the sketch is a bit simple but I'm including in today's tidbit the text with the image from the 1835 fashion sheet. I love some of the wording in this text.
COATS
RIDING COATS for this month are made single-breasted, faced in the fronts with silk; velvet collars, and gilt buttons. The colors are a rich red brown, light green, and gold mixtures.
The new BROWN SURTOUT (for the Spring) will most probably take the lead this month; made single-breasted, to turn back to the second button in the waist; the collar (which is of velvet) is very broad in front, but rather narrow behind; the breasts faced with silk, and rather large fancy twist buttons.
THE BLUE DRESS COAT,
faced with satin, continues to be the favorite; a few Evening Coats, of a light-green color, will be worn: these have a very lively appearance, but the former are decidedly the most dressy.
TROUSERS
The newest materials for MORNING TROUSERS are the checked single-milled cashmeres, and striped merino doeskins, which, in contrast with their almost-numberless rivals, will obtain the decided preference with all who study neatness and gentlemanly taste. Broad linen cords, diagonal draped cantons, gambroons, &c., of various colors, of which there is an infinite variety, will also be much worn.
Black, lavender, and white for Dress.
Trousers are still made full in the legs.
WAISTCOATS
The Buff Waist-coat, richly braided with white, still continues to be much worn by Gentlemen of fast; they are now made with broad rolling collars, and silver buttons. A very neat variety of striped and checked Challis Waistcoats are introducing, which, with a few new silks, will be the fashion for this month. Some Waistcoats are made with plain upright collars, but the general mode is with a broad rolling collar--single-breast.
DRESS WAISTCOATS
as last month.
In full Dress an under Waistcoat, of scarlet, blue, or white.
COATS
RIDING COATS for this month are made single-breasted, faced in the fronts with silk; velvet collars, and gilt buttons. The colors are a rich red brown, light green, and gold mixtures.
The new BROWN SURTOUT (for the Spring) will most probably take the lead this month; made single-breasted, to turn back to the second button in the waist; the collar (which is of velvet) is very broad in front, but rather narrow behind; the breasts faced with silk, and rather large fancy twist buttons.
THE BLUE DRESS COAT,
faced with satin, continues to be the favorite; a few Evening Coats, of a light-green color, will be worn: these have a very lively appearance, but the former are decidedly the most dressy.
TROUSERS
The newest materials for MORNING TROUSERS are the checked single-milled cashmeres, and striped merino doeskins, which, in contrast with their almost-numberless rivals, will obtain the decided preference with all who study neatness and gentlemanly taste. Broad linen cords, diagonal draped cantons, gambroons, &c., of various colors, of which there is an infinite variety, will also be much worn.
Black, lavender, and white for Dress.
Trousers are still made full in the legs.
WAISTCOATS
The Buff Waist-coat, richly braided with white, still continues to be much worn by Gentlemen of fast; they are now made with broad rolling collars, and silver buttons. A very neat variety of striped and checked Challis Waistcoats are introducing, which, with a few new silks, will be the fashion for this month. Some Waistcoats are made with plain upright collars, but the general mode is with a broad rolling collar--single-breast.
DRESS WAISTCOATS
as last month.
In full Dress an under Waistcoat, of scarlet, blue, or white.
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