St. Augustine, FL

Tomorrow is the release of my newest novel, The Innkeeper's Wife it is the second novel in my historical St. Augustine series. I had a lot of fun working with the 'marriage of convenience' scenario for this book. As with all my books, I try to do something a bit unique and in this case the reasons for the marriage of convenience are not your typical reasons that you find written about today.

While researching for this series I came across a booklet about St. Augustine that was published in 1872. In that publication were the seven images I'm posting below. These images helped me gain persecutive of the feel of St. Augustine back in that time period. They also showed me that some of these very same places haven't changed very much. In fact, they have been repaired and in much better shape than the artist's sketches.

Below the first seven are some photographs from 1875 that also gain some interesting perspective of St. Augustine at the time.

1872

The City Gate in 2007

1872

1875
Fort Marion today it is known as Castillo de San Marcos.

Today the Castillo de San Marcos

The harbor in 1875

In 2006 looking down on the river from the Fort

Another Classic Site in St. Augustine is the oldest school house. Note the chains and anchor to hold down the schoolhouse in case of a storm.

Occupations England, Wales & Scotland 1841-1881

Below is a list I put together from a census report by Charles Booth entitled "Occupations of the People." I'm not going to brother listing the number of folks involved during the various censuses. If you're in need of that information here is a link to the book at Google Books.©1886

For the purpose of creative thinking here's a great list to get you going.

Farmers
Agricultural Laborers & Shepherds
Nurserymen & Gardners
Drainage & Machinery Attendants
Breeding (Horse & Cattle)
Fishermen
Miners
Quarry & Brick Layers
Salt & Water Works
Management
Operative
Road Making
Machinery & Tools
Ship Building
Metal Workers
Earthenware
Fuel, Gas and Chemicals
Furs, Leather & Glue
Wood, Furniture, Carriages
Paper, Floor Cloth, Waterproof
Textiles & Dyeing
Dress
Food, Drink, & Smoking
Watches, Instruments & Toys
Printing & Bookbinding
Navigational & Docks
Railways
Roads
Raw Materials
Clothing, Materials & Dress (not sure why dress is listed twice)
Lodging & Coffee Houses
Stationary
Administration
Army, Navy
Police, Prisons
Law
Medicine
Art & Amusement
Literature & Science
Education
Religion
Domestic Care Services
Property Owning (Real Estate)

1871 Fashions

Today I'm visiting 1871 fashions since my novel "The Innkeeper's Wife" which releases on Saturday, is set in 1871. The first three are everyday outfits, these are much harder to find but I've been blessed with finding several for 1871.

Girls Everyday Outfit

Everyday Outfit

Men & Boys

Woman & Man

Bridal Veils

Swimsuits or Bathing as they referred to them back then.

Dresses

Previous 1871 Fashions
1871 Fashions Part 1
1871 Fashions Part 2

Railroad Approaches to Cincinnati, OH, 1875 Part three

This is the third of a three part series on the routes taken to Cincinnati via railroad.

APPROACH NO. 5.
All trains over the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis Railroad pass through the suburbs as follows:
Xenia—65 miles, with 8,000 inhabitants. A beautiful town. The train passes the town on the left. The Springfield Branch of the Little Miami joins the main line here, as does also the Dayton and Western Branch.
Morrow—36 miles, with 1,500 inhabitants. The train passes through the middle of the town. A very handsome place, surrounded by a beautifully picturesque country. The residence of many officials • of the Little Miami Railroad.
Loveland—Described under Approach No. 3.
Branch Hill—20 miles, with 500 inhabitants; adjoins Symmes Station on the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad. The Little Miami River flows between the two places, and they are connected by a handsome suspension-bridge. The scenery in this vicinity is charming.
Miamiville—17 miles, with about 600 inhabitants. A purely rural village.
Camp Dennison—16 miles, with 400 inhabitants. \ A place well known as barracks and rendezvous during the war. The storehouses, hospitals, and dwellings built by the Government are now turned to business purposes.
Milford—14 miles, with 2,000 inhabitants. A handsome, lively suburb, situated on the left bank of the Little Miami River.
Gravelotte—13 miles. The whole distance between this place and Milford is dotted with handsome residences.
Plainville—9 miles, with about 200 inhabitants. Situated on the Little Miami River.
Linwood—6 miles, also the station for Mount Washington. The latter lies three miles to the east on the highlands, and boasts of many beautiful landscape views. An omnibus connects with the trains.
Columbia—4J miles. A station within the city, in the first ward, situate on the bank of the Ohio. The hills of Kentucky, with the villages of Dayton and Bellevue, on the opposite bank of the river, can be seen to the left. The train now passes through suburbs called Tusculum, Delta, and Pendleton, which form one continuous street to the depot. At the latter place, the high hills on the right mark the boundary of Eden Park. At Pendleton are situated the locomotive works, round-house, and general car-shops of the Little Miami Railroad. Just before entering the depot, the City Water Works Building is seen on the Jeft.

APPROACH NO. 6.
All trains over the Louisville, Cincinnati, and Lexington Railroad pass through the suburbs as follows:
Worthville—20 miles, with about 1,500 inhabitants. Settled in a thickly populated section of country.
South Covington—4 miles, with 1,000 inhabitants. A very beautiful suburb.
Newport—1 mile, with 26,000 inhabitants.
The train now crosses the Ohio River on an iron bridge 3,000 feet in length and 105 feet above low water level. To the left, while crossing the bridge, are seen on the Kentucky side the Newport Military Station, the mouth of the Licking River, and the palatial residence of Amos Shinkle, Esq. On the Cincinnati side a fine view of the levee or public landing, in the centre of which is seen the Union Bethel Building. Down the river a splendid view of the great Suspension Bridge. After crossing the bridge the train sweeps to the right on a curve, and goes down-grade at the rate of 105 feet to the mile, over a fine causeway or trestlework 800 feet in length. Passes the City "Water Works Building, and then backs into the depot.

The Little Miami Railroad Depot, Kilgour and Front Streets, is within 20 minutes' ride or 15 minutes' walk of the Post-office. Erected in 1851. Length, 450 feet; width, 60 feet. Has ladies' and gentlemen's waiting-rooms and dining-rooms and telegraph on second floor. Eating and news-stand stand on platiorm-floor. Sidings will accommodate 400 freight cars. Every twenty-four hours 13 passenger and 9 freight trains arrive, and the same number depart from the depot.
The Kentucky Central Depot is the terminus of the Kentucky Central Railroad. All trains over the Kentucky Central Railroad pass through the suburbs as follows:
Falmouth, Ky.—40 miles, with 1,000 inhabitants. Situated handsomely between the Licking River and its south fork.
Boston, Ky.—301 miles, with 200 inhabitants. Picturesquely situated on the west bank of the Licking River.
Butler, Ky.—28 miles, with about 300 inhabitants. A handsome village on the Licking.
Canton, Ky.—14 miles, with 100 inhabitants. A new place, pleasantly located on the Licking.
Covington, Ky.—1J miles, with 36,000 inhabitants. A line of omnibuses (fare 50 cents) and street cars (fare 10 cents) connect with the city.

The Kentucky Central Depot, Eighth and Washington Streets, is within 15 minutes' drive of the Post-office. The depot accommodations are rather limited, but there is a waiting-room, telegraph office, and lunch-counter. Every twenty-four hours 3 passenger and 2 freight trains arrive, and the same number depart from the depot. The round-house, which is a fine building, can house 30 locomotives. The siding will accommodate 500 freight cars. Offices in the second story of the depot.

Kentucky Central Depot

Boston Trolley

Below is an order concerning the building of an electric trolley system in Boston. I found this in a Documents of the City of Boston ©1891. When I think of trolleys, the San Francisco trolley comes to mind, not because I've been to San Francisco but for the Rice-a-Roni commercials. The end of the Century electricity was coming into use in a big way and the trolleys were a great way to get around the city and they didn't need to have horses pulling the carriages about.

They were also called overhead trolleys because the electric line were wires/lines overhead of the trolleys.

Here's the blurb, note some of the names of the types of inspectors.
In Board Of Aldermen, Nov. 30, 1891.
Ordered, That consent and permission be hereby granted to the Lynn & Boston Railroad Company to establish, construct, maintain, and use the overhead single-trolley electric system of motive power, so called, in the operation of its cars in and over the following streets, ways, squares, and bridges of the city of Boston, viz.: on Chelsea bridge street and Chelsea street from the dividing line between Chelsea and Boston to a point on said Chelsea street near Vine street in the Charlestown district, where connection can be made with the electric system of the West End Street Railway Company, and to construct, lay, maintain, and use the poles, wires, and appliances, and electrical appliances and apparatus, and to make the underground and surface alterations of said bridge and Chelsea street necessary for that purpose.
Ordered, That in addition to the electric rights above given, consent and permission is further granted to said Lynn & Boston Railroad Company to establish and maintain the overhead single-trolley electric system of motive power in the operation of its cars in said city of Boston on all the tracks of the West End Street Railway Company whereon it, said Lynn & Boston Railroad Company, is now authorized to operate its cars by horse power, by using, with the consent of said West End Street Railway Company, the overhead single-trolley electric system of said last-named company heretofore authorized on and in certain streets, ways, squares, and bridges, viz.: on Chelbea street, City square, and by the following loop line to Scollay square and return, viz.: Warren avenue, Warren bridge, Beverly street, Charlestown street, Haymarket square, Sudbury street, Court street, Scollay square, Cornhill, New Washington street, Charlestown street, Causeway street, Charles-river bridge, and Charles-river avenue, to City square, with the further right, in case of fire, blockade, or other emergency requiring it, to use the tracks and said electric system of said West End Street Railway Company, with its consent, on any streets, squares, ways, and bridges between said Scollay square and City square, which said West End Street Railway Company may use between said points, and whereon such electric system is erected and in use at the time such emergency arises.
All work of construction under this order, and all kind and quality of material used, and the height of all poles erected, shall be satisfactory to the Superintendent of Streets. The poles shall lie cylindrical in shape, and painted before erected, and shall be removed when so directed by the Board of Aldermen, after sixty days' notice.
No poles shall be erected under this order until a plan showing the location of the same has first been tiled by said Lynn & Boston Railroad Company in the office of the Superintendent of Streets, and been approved by him.
Passed. Approved by the Mayor, Dec. 4, 1891.
A true copy.

This image is actually 1904 and comes from Stoughton History.com's web site. Where you can read a bit more about the Boston Trolley system.

Railroad Timbers

Here are some interesting tidbits concerning wooden railroad timbers from a Report about the substitution of metal for wood in railroad ties. ©1890

The Grand Trunk Railway desires that a tree should average four ties, and says "it matters not whether they be hewn or sawn, so long as the upper and lower faces are flat and the sides uncut. Oak ties are taken when sawn on four faces, but no other kind." The ties used by the road—oak, tamarack, hemlock, and cedar—average six to seven years in duration.
The Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad, using oak with a life of eight and hemlock with a life of fiv^e years, finds no difference between hewn and sawed ties, " if made of similar timber."
The Kansas City, Fort Scott and Gulf Railroad, using oak with a life of eight years, says: "If made from large timber, no preference is had between ties that are sawn and those that are hewn. Large timber is deemed best."
The preference is given to sawn ties, and from large trees, by the Oregon and California Railroad, using red fir of eight years life; by the Bangor and Piscataquis Railroad, with cedar of fourteen and tamarack of seven years' duration (put iu track when half seasoned, although full seasoning is recognized as preferable); by the Mobile and Northwestern Railroad in Mississippi, "if all heart can be obtaiued and large timber, as it has less sap-wood. The small trees along the lino of road do not make as good ties as the large timber."
The Arkansas Midland Railroad prefers sawed ties, although they are more costly. "Cypress ties should only be sawed from large trees, post oak and white oak ties from small trees are equally as good as from large ones."
The Alabama Great Southern makes a point that the ties should "not be cut through the heart of the tree," the philosophy of which is, probably, that the long-leaf pine ties are liable to have the heart break out and sliver. The significant statement is also made that the oak from the south end of the road is not as durable as that from the mountains on the north end. The difference is probably due to track conditions rather than to locality of growth.
Durability or life of ties.—The life of timber in use as ties is reduced by two causes, namely, a mechanical one, the breaking of the wood fiber by the flange of the rail and by the spikes, and a chemical or physiological one, the rot or decay which is due to fungus growth.0 These causes work either in combination or, more rarely, independently. A soft wood may be easily out into and made useless before rot takes place— as, for instance, in the case of such otherwise durable woods as redwood, chestnut, etc., but the breaking of the fibre iu most cases is only the antecedent and forms part of the favorable conditions for the fungus growth—other timbers may be attacked by rot first, which, of course, is followed soon by a breaking of the fiber.
The exterior conditions6favorable to decay have been discussed at length in Bulletin l; the controllable ones consist mainly in the drainage conditions of the road-bed. Rock ballast is best drained, and hence the best record comes from such road-beds; gravel is next best and clay or loam is about the worst; on the other hand, where soft-wood ties, like chestnut, are used, the hard rock ballast, while unfavorable to decay, reduces their life by pounding and cutting. Sand ballast seems to vary considerably; a sharp, coarse silicious (not calcareous) sand with good under-drain age should be next best to gravel, while some reports give a heavy black soil and loam as better than sand. The reason why sand, although offering good drainage, is favorable to decay, may be sought in its great capacity for heat, which induces fermentation.
Iu Louisiana " ties on black loamy soil rot out in one-third the time of those laid in a clay soil. Ties exposed to the sun all day rot out in less time than those which are shaded a part of the day. Shade and a free circulation of air are requisite to the best lasting of any timber in our climate."
From fifteen years' experience on the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad it is stated that ties supported in stone ballast have 20 per cent. longer life, as far as rot is concerned. The Eastern Kentucky Railroad claims that with slag ballast oak ties will last two years longer than in sand, while on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cinncinnati, and Indianapolis Railway such ties were found to last two years less in slag ballast than in gravel. The nature of the slag, it should not be forgotten, is very varying, and hence its value for ballast. The East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad allows in rock ballast eighteen months longer life than in a soil bed, and notes in sandy soil the most rapid decay.
Experience on the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad ranges the various kinds of ballast as follows: stone ballast best; next,coarse gravel; next, soil, and worst, cinder and sand ballast.
The New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, six years ago, ballasted its road with broken stone to a depth of 14 inches; stone of not more than 2 inches in size was used, and at the rate of 4,000 cubic yards to the mile. It was expected that ties in such a road bed would last two years longer than in gravel ballast. Yet now it is found that, with the heavy traffic, the high rate of speed, and weight of engines and trains and the use of chestnut ties, these do not last more than live years, the cutting of the rail on the upper aud of the stone on the lower side wearing the ties rapidly.
Even the oak tie will succumb to the pounding it receives from such ballast, as the report of the Erie Railroad shows, which, while admitting that ties are less liable to decay in broken stone ballast, finds this ballast "on the heavily used portions of the line hard on the ties, by cutting, so that the oak ties are worn out before they rot."
Thus the life of ties of the same timber varies.considerably, not only according to climate, and character of the timber, and the treatment the ties receive before being laid, but also according to the character of the road bed aud the traffic. From the reports of the283 companies in 1883—which, bythe-by, are now so consolidated that the 85 companies reporting to this year's inquiry represent almost 50 per cent, more mileage than the former 283—the following tabulation has been made, showing the range and average duration of ties of various timbers under present usage. The aim of well-managed roads, of course, should be so to combine conditions of road-bed, inspection, and handling of ties, that the highest average duration at least should be obtained.
The long life given to honey locust in the table on page 25 is probably due to a misnomer, black locust being meant, as honey' locust is probably not a very lasting timber. The duration of mesquite, if sound, is claimed to be interminable.

General Laws pertaining to Kentucky Schools

Below are a few of the regulations for schools in the state of Kentucky for the last decade of the 19th Century. What I find interesting in these tidbits are uniforms, state exam for graduation, grounds for suspension and that 'no teacher shall work on Saturdays.' Sunday isn't even mentioned because no one worked on Sundays back then.


1. [A Uniform System.] — lit it enacted by the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Kentucky: There shall be maintained throughout the State of Kentucky a uniform system of common schools in accordance with the Constitution of the State and this chapter.

2. [Common School Defined.]—No school shall be deemed a "common school," within the meaning of this chapter, or be entitled to'any contribution out of the school fund unless the same has been, pursuant hereto, actually kept, or is under contract to be kept, by a qualified teacher for three months in districts having thirty-five pupils or less, for four months in districts having more than thirty-five or less than forty-five pupils, and for five or more months in districts having forty-five or more pupils, during the same school year, and at which every child residing in the district, between the ages of six and twenty years, has had the privilege of attending, whether contributing towards defraying its expenses or not: Provided, That nothing herein shall prevent any person from attending a common school who will obtain the consent of the trustees and the teachers and pay the required tuition fees. Rut after June 30, 1894, no school shall be deemed a ''common school" or be entitled to any contribution out of the school fund, unless the same has been, pursuant hereto, actually kept, or is under contract to be kept, by a qualified teacher for not less than five months during the same school year, free of expense to every pupil child, as prescribed above. In order that each child of the Common wealth may enjoy the benefits of a five months' school, the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall, for each school year after June 30, lSJ)3, apportion the fund due each county having one or more districts of less than forty-five pupil children as follows: He shall apportion to each district, without regard to school popnla ion, the per capita of forty-five pupil children, both from the fund derived from the State and interest on the county bond, if any, and prorate the remainder of the fund among the districts having more than forty-five such children: Provided, That any fractional balance shall be omitted in computing the said per capita, and that the aggregate of fractional balances shall be credited to the respective counties, and be taken into account the following year.

3. [School Year.]—The school year shall begin on the first day of July, and end on the thirtieth of June.

4. [School - Month — School - Day — Assistant Teachers.]—Twenty school days, or days in which teachers are actually employed in the school room, shall constitute a school month in the common schools of the State; but no teacher shall teach on Saturdays. Teachers shall have the benefits of only such legal holidays as they actually observe. Six hours of actual work in the school room shall constitute a school day; and under no circumstances shall the daily session, including recesses and intermissions, exceed nine hours in length. When the attendance exceeds fifty, the teacher may employ, during such attendance, an assistant, whose scholarship and competency shall be acceptable to the trustees. When the school shall require an assistant to serve regularly at a salary, such assistant shall hold a certificate of qualification and be employed by the trustees.

5. [Regulations for Schools — Penalties.]—All pupils who may be admitted to common schools shall comply with the regulations established in pursuance of law for the government of such schools. Wilful disobedience or defiance of the authority of the teachers, habitual profanity or vulgarity, or other gross violation of propriety or law, shall constitute good cause for suspension or expulsion from school.

6. [Forbidden Publications and Doctrines.]—
No books or other publications of a sectarian, infidel, or immoral character, shall be used or distributed in any common school; nor shall any sectarian, infidel or immoral doctrine be taught therein.

7. [Conditions for Graduation.]—Whenever a pupil of any common school shall have faithfully completed the prescribed course of study, shall have passed a proper examination before the County Board of Examiners on a series of questions prescribed by the State Board of Examiners, and paid to the said county board an examination fee of one dollar, he shall be entitled to a certificate of such completion and examination, signed by said county board and approved by the Superintendent of Public Instruction who shall affix thereto his official seal. The superintendent shall prepare a proper formfor said certificate. Onesuchexaminationshall be held in each county on the last Thursday in January, and another on the last Thursday in June of each year.
Source: Kentucky Common School Laws ©1896

1896 Fashions

Below are some images from 1896 oddly enough these weren't from a fashion magazine but a book on manners and customs, except the first two, they come from another source.

Railroad Approaches to Cincinnati OH, 1875 Part two

This is the second of a three part series on the various rail routes to Cincinnati, OH.

APPROACH NO. 2.
All trains over the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette Railroad, the Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad, and the Cincinnati and Chicago Railroad, pass through the suburbs as follows:
Note.—The White Water Valley Railroad comes in by this approach at Valley Junction, Ind.
La-wrenceburg, Ind. — 25 miles, with 4,000 inhabitants. A pleasantly-situated town; the home of many Cincinnati merchants.
Cleves, Ind.—16 miles, with 500 inhabitants. A flourishing village. Possesses a Presbyterian and a Methodist church and good public-school.
After leaving this place the train passes through a tunnel 1,500 feet in length.
North Bend, Ind.—15 miles, with about 50 inhabitants. The old home of Wm. Henry Harrison, once President of the United States. The old house is yet to be seen, on a delightfully elevated spot. Here the ashes of the aged hero repose, with only a crumbling brick tomb to mark the spot.
Delhi—11 miles, with 50 inhabitants. Handsomely situated on the Ohio River. It has three churches, a Masonic hall, and some tasteful residences.
Trautman's, or South Bend—8 miles; a small village, with Post-office.
Riverside—4 miles, with 500 inhabitants. Naturally a beautiful locality, extending along the Ohio River, and divided into three stations—Riverside, Southside, and Anderson's Ferry. Possesses a few fine residences. It has also a substantial Protestant Episcopal church.
Street-cars connect Riverside with the city.
Sedamsville—2$ miles; a station within the city, in the 21st Ward.

APPROACH NO. 3.
All trains over the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad pass through the suburbs as follows:
Loveland—26 miles, with 600 inhabitants. The crossing of the Marietta; and Cincinnati with the Little Miami Railroad. It is built on high ground, on the banks of the Little Miami River, and has some beautiful scenery. It possesses three churches, one school-house, a Masonic hall, and has an Agricultural and Horticultural Society that has been in existence twenty years.
Symmes Station—22 miles, with about 150 inhabitants. Adjoins Branch Hill on the Little Miami Railroad. The Little Miami River flows between the two places, and they are connected with a handsome suspension bridge. The scenery in this vicinity is charming.
Remington—20 miles, with about 100 inhabitants. A new suburb, picturesquely situated. About one mile west of this place is Montgomery, an old established village with 500 inhabitants. The place has three churches and a school-house. Omnibuses connect with the trains.
Madisonville—13 miles, with 1,000 inhabitants. An old town, settled in 1809. Possesses three churches and a commodious school house. Has a Literary and Musical Association, besides a Masonic and Odd-fellows' hall.
Oakley—12 miles, with 250 inhabitants. Only five miles from the Court-house by the Madisonville turnpike. Contains a few good residences.
Norwood—10} miles, with 150 inhabitants. A handsome suburb. The Norwood heights, seen on the right, reach the greatest elevation in Hamilton County. An Indian mound, from which there is a most extensive and beautiful prospect, is one of the features of the place. This suburb is becoming the home of many prominent city merchants.
Bond Hill—9 miles, with about 100 inhabitants. A new place, settled in 1870.
Ludlow Grove—7J miles. Adjoins the village of St. Bernard, both with about 1,500 inhabitants. Less than twenty years ago this spot was covered with forest trees. It has now a large school-house, a post-office, and a number of handsome residences.
The Catholic cemetery and church of St. Bernard, with spire 170 feet, are seen from the cars.
Winton Place—(See Approach No. 1.)

APPROACH NO. 4.
All trains over the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indianapolis Railroad pass through the suburbs as follows:
Middletown—34 miles, with 4,000 inhabitants, situated pleasantly on the great Miami River. Possesses quite a number of tine residences.
Sharon—17 miles, with 500 inhabitants. A pleasantly situated village. Contains some handsome residences, the homes of Cincinnati merchants.
Newtown—10 miles, with about 600 inhabitants. A handsomely situated suburb. 'Lockland—See Approach No. 1.
Note—The Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, and Indianapolis track joins the track of the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad at Ludlow Grove.

The Plum Street Depot, Plum Street, corner of Pearl, is within four squares of the Post-office, erected in 1863. Length, 400 feet; width, 64 feet. Has a ladies' and gentlemen's waiting-rooms, an eating-stand, and telegraph office. Sidings will accommodate 1,000 freight cars. Every twenty-four hours 23 passenger and 12 freight trains arrive, and the same number depart from the depot. The officers of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati, and Louisville Railroad have their offices in the railroad building on Central Avenue and Pearl Streets. The round-house and shops of the different roads are down the track, about one mile from the depot.

The Ohio and Mississippi Depot is the terminus of the Ohio and Mississippi Railroad. All trains over the Ohio and Mississippi Road pass through the suburbs by the same route, as Approach No. 2.
Note—The trains of the Ohio and Mississippi stop only at Delhi.
[graphic][merged small]

The Ohio and Missisippi Depot, West Front Street, corner of Mill Street, is within fifteen minutes' walk of the Post-office. Erected in 1873. Has a ladies' and gentlemen's waiting-room, restaurant, and telegraph office. Every twenty-four hours 6 passenger and 5 freight trains arrive, and the same number depart from the depot. Head offices and shops in Saint Louis. Sidings will accommodate 600 freight cars.

The Little Miami Railroad Depot is the terminus of (he Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and St. Louis Railroad (commonly called the Little Miami, and nicknamed the Pan Handle route); the Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Railroad (called also the Louisville Short Line).
Note—The Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley Railroad joins this approach at Morrow.

Plum Street Depot

October Menus

There was a period in time when I would spend one day in the kitchen in prep for a months worth of meals. Today, I simply wing it from what's on sale, etc. Of course, today it's just the two of us and not a group of hungry growing children.

Below are the recommend menus for the month of October from Table Talk ©1891. I find these interesting to see what kind of food was planned and available during that month. Enjoy!

Pumpkin

Well the air is chilled this morning in Florida, temps dipped to 52. And since it is October my thoughts naturally drifted over to the pumpkin. There's some interesting information on the pumpkin from the 19th century. Here's a sample from Table Talk ©1891

THE PUMPKIN FAMILY.
BY MRS. E. H. BARRINGTON.
THE pumpkin and squash belong to the gourd family as do their cousins, the watermelons, canteloupes, cucumbers, etc., and they have been used for food both for man and beast from the earliest ages, forming in many countries the principal part of the fcod of the poorer classes. They cook them in a variety of ways, not only in pies and puddings, but sliced and fr ed like egg plant, made into soups, bread, etc. Some housekeepers use the water in which pumpkin has been stewed, to mix their bread, asserting that it not only improves the color and taste but that it keeps sweet and moist for a longer time. Gourds grow very rapidly, often as much as a foot in one day, reminding us of the story of Jonah for whose shelter the Lord prepared a gourd "which came up in a night and perished in a night," serving for him a double purpose, that of a protection and a lesson. The gourds having very wide leaves and being such rapid climbers are much used in the East to cover arbors, ard their fruit is for the most part edible/ but there is a wild gourd which is poisonous, it has, however, such a very bitter taste that it betrays itself even though so closely resembling a wholesome melon. It was probably this plant which was spoken of in 2 King. 4 : 39. The gourds produce their fruit in such a variety of shapes that it is no worder the natural ingenuity of man should adapt them to various uses, making of their hard shells drinking cups and many other household utensils. Some of them grow from one to three feet in length and from two to four inches in diameter. Of thee bottles are formed. Other fruit is a flattened globe, which, when cut in two, can be used as drinking cups, bowls or dishes, according to size. One kind is scalloped, rather irregularly sometimes; another kind is shaped very much like a hat, others again are oval; some are globular, so that there is an almost endless variety to make dishes of. But it is of the pumpkin itself I want to write. They are of various forms and dimensions from the size of an apple to one weighing two hundred pounds. They are called by various names, vegetable marrow, Hubbard, Kershaw Crookneck, etc. In some localities one kind is considered the best, while in other places the preference is
for another. This is the month for that particularly delectable dainty "pumpkin pie," so esteemed in New England, so often sneered at by those who live south cf Long Island Sound. Whether the pumpkins that grow elsewhere are inferior to those raised on ihe rocky soil of the land of the Pilgrims, or whether only those who have Yankee blood in their veins know how to make them, I cannot tell; but pumpkin pies as made in Yankee land are, to put it mildly, exceedingly good. There, they are baked in deep disnes, merely lined with the thinnest shell of pastry that only serves to hold together the generous pieces, three or more inches thick, that make glad the hearts of the Yankee boys and girls. Outside of New England the average depth of a pumpkin pie is half an inch, and so disguised with spices that one cannot imagine what it is made of, tre only recognizable thing is that we have far more crust than pie. Let us peep into a New England kitchen on Saturday morning, and watch how the huge yellow pumpkin is cut, pared and the seeds scraped out, how the great kettle is filled with the golden pieces, and how when they have stewed soft, they are squeezed in a cloth until the pulp is as dry as potato. It is then put through a colander, some salt and butter added, about an ounce of butter and half a saltspoonful of salt to each pint of the pumpkin; rich, creamy, sweet milk is poured in until th" mixture is like custard; eggs in the proportion of three or four to a pint; and ground spice, mace, cinnamon and nutmeg to taste; sugar enough to sweeten and it is ready for the crust. Earthenware dishes three or four inches deep have been lined with a good, plain crust rolled as thin as possible, and then brushed over with the beaten white of an egg (to keep the liquid from soaking into it). The mixture is poured in to the very top and then the dishes are thrust into the great brick oven, where the pork and beans are seething and browning, the pan of apples bursting their red coats, the brown bread and gingerbread trying to see which will get to the tops of their respective pans first. As we stand there watching we recall the days of our childhood, those bracing last days of the autumn when they were gathering in the pumpkins, the very last of the harvesting. We could see them piled in golden mounds in the barn cellar, our oldest brother selecting one which he hollowed out, and cutting out holes for eyes, nose and mouth would mount it on a pole, with a candle inside.
When it grew dark the candle was lighted, and with this delightfully terrible object in front of us we would march around the house and garden, then stand longingly at the gate watching other pumpkin lantern parades that were given the liberty of the village streets. And we would remember our firm and unshaken belief in Cinderella's coach which was made of a pumpkin. That such a thing could be done, we never doubted when we looked at some of the enormous pumpkins that taxed the powers of a strong man to lift, and our joy overflowed when Abner, our "hired man," fashioned one into a coach for us, mounting it on wheels made of large spools. In this coach our dolls rode in state, personating not only our beloved Cinderella, but various high and lofty dignitaries, even our much venerated General Washington and his wife, until our brothers coaxed the golden chariot from us for the base purposes of a farm wagon. No wonder the wits of early New England seized upon the pumpkin as a symbol of the country, adopting as its emblem "a chubby boy astride of a large pumpkin and blowing the hollow stalk of the vine for a trumpet."
Besides the Yankee recipe for pumpkin pies, there are others, one of them made from the raw pumpkin reads as follows:
PUMPKIN PIE.
Pare and grate raw pumpkin; to one pint of the grated pumpkin, add one quart of milk, two cups of sugar, half a teaspoonful of salt, half a teaspoonful of extract of cinnamon, a little ground mace and three well beaten eggs. Bake in a pan lined with puff paste.
I have never tried this recipe, but I should think it might be very good. Some recipes call for molasses and ginger in pumpkin pies, but to my taste it spoils the delicate flavor of the pie. I can recommend the following:
PUMPKIN PUDDING.
To a pint of stewed pumpkin that has been pressed through a colander, add a pint of rich cream heated, a quarter of a pound of butter, a quarter of a pound of granulated sugar. Beat eight eggs very light and stir them gradually into the mixture with a tea
spoonful of powdered mace and cinnamon mixed together, a grated nutmeg, a wineglass of rose water and (if you use liquor) a wineglass of brandy. Having beaten the mixture very hard, turn it into dish well buttered, and bake it three-quarters of an hour n a hot oven. To be eaten very cold. Those who prefer home-made yeast and have difficulty in keeping it should try it made of pumpkin, as it will keep longer than any other kind. For their benefit I give the following recipe:
PUMPKIN YEAST.
Pare and cut in small pieces a medium sized pumpkin; put them with a large handful of hops into a kettle, and just cover them with water. Boil them until the pumpkin is soft, press it through a colander into a stone jar and when it is just lukewarm, add half a pint of good, strong yeast, stir it well in. Leave the jar uncovered until the next day, then tie it up tightly, and keep it in a cool place. Use as you would any other yeast.
Pumpkin stewed and pressed through a colander, with a little butter and salt added, makes a very nice vegetable for winter use, and is especially good as an accompaniment to roast pork. It also makes one of the most delicious preserves, the recipe for which I gave last year, but it will bear repetition, and, as it is one of the few preserves that can be made in cold weather, it is doubly worth trying.
PUMPKIN CHIPS.
Take a fine, round pumpkin of a deep, rich color; pare, slice it, and take out the seeds. Cut it into slices as thin as you possibly can, about twice as long as they are broad, and as near the same size as possible. Allow to each pound of the chips, one pound of the best loaf sugar and a gill of lemon juice. Before squeezing the lemons, grate off the yellow rind and mix it with the sugar. Lay the chips in the preserving kettle, sprinkling the sugar between the layers, pour the lemon juice over the whole, cover the kettle and let it stand all night. Next day, put it over the fire, bring it to a boil and let it simmer slowly until the chips are tender" and transparent. Take them up with a perforated skimmer and spread them on large dishes to cool. When cold, put them in jars and pour the boiling syrup over them. Put them away when cold, as you do any other sweetmeat. These chips are as good as they are handsome.

Toccoa Falls

My son attended Toccoa Falls College in Toccoa GA. many years ago. I thought it interesting to find this little article on Toccoa in The New Pictorial Family Magazine ©1846 Then there are two more articles from other perspectives.

The Fall of Toccoa
Narrow passage leads from the roadside to the foot of the fall. Before us appeared the perpendicular face of the rock, resembling a rugged stone wall, and over it "the broke came bubbling down the side of the mountain's side."
The stream had lost most of its fulness from the recent dry weather, and as it became lashed into fury, by its sudden fall, it resembled a silver riband, hung gracefully over the face of the rock, and waving to and fro from the breath of the wind. It remains one of the poetic descriptions, of fairy-land, where we might expect the fays and elves, assemble on a moonlit night to hold their festival on the green bank, while the spray, clothed with all the varied colors of the rainbow, formed a halo of glory around their heads. It is indeed beautiful, surpassingly beautiful: the tall trees reaching but half way up the mountain height, the silver cascade foaming o'er the brow of the hill, the troubled waves of the mimic sea beneath, the lulling sound of the falling water, and the call of the mountain-birds around you—each aud all come with a soothing power upon the heart, which makes you anxious to linger through the long hours of the summer day.
Tearing ourselves away from the enchantment that held us below, we toiled our way up to the top of the fall, using a path that wouud around the mountain. When we reached the summit we trusted ourselves to such support as a small tree, which overhangs the precipice, could give us, and looked over into the basin beneath. Then, growing bolder as our spirits rose with the excitement of the scene, we divested ourselves of our boots and stock inns, and waded into the stream, until we approached within a few feet of the cascade. This can be done with but little danger, as the brook keeps on the even -mil unruffled tenor of its way, until just s it takes its lofty plunge into the abyss below.
I'lie height of the fall is now one hundred and eighty-six feet: formerly it was some ieet higher, but a portion of the rock w.is detached some years ago, by the attrition of the water, and its fall has detracted from the perpendicular descent of Hie stream.
Toceoa forms but one of the beautiful 'ioks in the chain of mountain scenery in the northwestern part of Georgia. There m iy te beheld the grandeur of the lofty V'ou i, the magnificence and terrific splendor oI Tallulah, the quiet and romantic v ie of Nacooche, and the thousand brilliant landscapes that adorn and beautify the f ice of Nature. All these attractions will, doubtless, before another score gf yeiiis has passed away, make Habersham county and its environs the summer retreat of G-orgians from the low country, and help to unite in closer bands the dweller on the seashore and the inhabitant of the mountain.

Toccoa Falls (for route see Clarksville, above), is in the County of Habersham, a few miles from the village of Clarksville.
[graphic]
Falls of Toccoa, Georgia.
The Falls of Toccoa and Tallulah.
The late Judge Charlton, describing this famous scene, says:
Several years have passed away since I last stood at the beautiful Fall of the Toccoa. It was one of the delightful summer days peculiar to the climate of Habersham County. The air had all the elasticity of the high region that surrounded us, and the scenery was of a character to elevate our spirits and enliven our fancy.
A narrow passage led us from the road-side to the foot of the Fall. Before us appeared the perpendicular face of rock, resembling a rugged stone wall, and over it,
" The brook came babbling down the mountain's side."
The stream had lost much of its fulness from the recent dry weather, and as it became lashed into fury, by its sudden fall, it resembled a silver ribbon, hung _ gracefully over the face of the rock, and waving to and fro with the breath of the wind. It reminded me more forcibly than any other scene I had ever beheld, of the poetic descriptions of fairy-land. It is just such a place—as has been often remarked by others—where we might expect the fays and elves to assemble of a moonlight night, to hold their festival on the green bank, whilst the spray, clothed with all the varied colors of the rainbow, formed a halo of glory around their heads. It is, indeed, beautiful, surpassingly beautiful: the tall trees reaching but half way up the mountain height, the silver cascade foaming o'er the brow of the hill, the troubled waves of the mimic sea beneath, the lulling sound of the falling water, and the call of the mountain birds around you, each and all come with a soothing power upon the heart, which makes it anxious to linger through the long hours of the summer day.
Tearing ourselves away from the enchantment that held us below, we toiled our way up to the top of the Fall, using a path that wound around the mountain. When we reached the summit, we trusted ourselves to such support, as a small tree, which overhangs the precipice, could give us, and looked over into the basin beneath. Then, growing bolder as our spirits rose with the excitement of the scene, we divested ourselves of our boots and stockings, and waded into the stream, until we approached within a few feet of the cascade. This can be done with but little danger, as the brook keeps on the even and unruffled tenor of its way, until just as it takes its lofty plunge into the abyss below.
The height of the Fall is now 186 feet; formerly it was some feet higher, but a portion of the rock was detached some years ago by the attrition of the water, and its fall has detracted from the perpendicular descent of the stream.
" Beautiful streamlet! onward glide,
In thy destined course to the ocean's tide!
So youth impetuous, longs to be—
Tossed on the waves of manhood's sea:
But weai*y soon of cloud and blast,
Sighs for the haven its bark hath past;
And though thou rushest now with glee,
By hill and plain to seek the sea—
No lovelier spot again thouFt find,
Than that thou leavest here behind;
Where hill and rock ' rebound the call'
Of clear Toccoa's water-fall."
Source: American Traveler ©1857


found Toccoa a pine town in the pine woods. It has always been there, I believe, but more so since the railroad came. It is eleven hundred feet above the sea, but you do not know it. I slept and ate in a pine hotel, with no lath or plaster or carpet; neither was there any dirt, and the ventilation was perfect, and so were the ham and eggs. The landlord is known to all the country as “Cousin John.” He has another name, I think, but if you go to Toccoa and inquire for “Le Hotel de Cousin Jean,” you will find it. The universal relative knows all about gold, also about amethysts, and also about that curious substance,‘asbestos, which the soil bears abundantly in the county of Habersham and the counties round about.
Lying over night at Toccoa,I made diligent inquiries about the county of Rabun. It is the most perpendicular of Georgia counties. Eighty-one per cent. of its surface is too mountainous for cultivation. It has but one town, Clayton, which has 120 inhabitants; and has produced but one eminent person, Judge Bleckley, of the Georgia Supreme bench, and the Eugene Ware of the same, whose funny decisions appear to afford the Albany Law Journal an endless supply of amusement. Rabun is the corner-stone of Georgia, and possesses the most striking mountain scenery within its borders. It produces gold, asbestos and moonshiners, each indestructible productions.
I learned at Toccoa City that the first object of my quest, Toccoa Falls, was within two miles, but that a sight of Tallula Falls necessitated a journey to the borders of Rabun, sixteen miles away.
This morning the awkward journey was accomplished. The road led over the foot-hills and through the pine and oak forest all the way. We came first to Toccoa Falls. It was in the early, clear morning, before the air had been colored or stained or heated by the advancing day, that I saw this most beautiful of cascades. You leave the team a little way and go up a tiny valley. It is shut in by wooded hills, so narrow that you could toss a stone across it. It is all shade and coolness and seclusion.
You come to a sheer granite wall, black and yellow and brown, and the Toccoa, a small mountain stream of sparkling water, coming from the mountain, arrives at the verge of this wall and drops over it, one hundred and eighty-six feet. There is no roar, no jar, no rising cloud of spray, no Whirlpools, no rushing rapids. All at once the water comes to the wall, springs lightly in a mass into the air, and drops down into a little pool as clear as crystal. First water, then snowy foam, then still water again. A great mass of rock has fallen, and the lower part of the eascade is hidden by it. The fall is slightly parted by a shelving rock at the top, and so seems in two divisions. This is Toccoa Falls. It is within two miles of one of the leading railroads of the South, and is hardly known. I went around and reached the top of the fall, and lay down on the rock where I could almost put my hand in the water after it makes the spring. It was like looking into a cascade of diamonds. Above and below, the Toccoa glides along unnoticed. It is splendid only at one place and for an instant, like a human life illnmined by one great deed. Leaving Toccoa Falls, we went on over the high hills. Monk, the driver, said they were mountains; this one was Walker mountain, and the other, Panther mountain. They did not seem mountains, and are really the foot-hills that finally run into Tallula Ridge, and so on higher and higher to the great Blue Ridge. The country seemed miserably poor, and was well settled, as I think every poor country is. I have ridden ten miles in two of the oldest-settled counties of Kansas within a few years past, over as fertile prairie as ever the sun shone on, without passing near a house; yet on this rough mountain road the cabins were within sight of each other all the way. The houses were all of pine logs and pine boards. The chimneys were either of sand rock or sticks and yellow clay. All the material for the habitations was gathered within afew steps of where they stood. They seemed a part of the mountains and the woods, as a bird’s nest seems part of the tree. If one of these houses burns down, it is only necessary to go out in the woods and get another one. The openness of the sides and the unreliability of the roof would terrify a Kansan, even though he is a resident of the Italy of America. The people who thus humbly lived did not appear to be idlers. At nearly all the houses there was an old-fashioned loom and spinning-wheel on the porch. The doors were all open, and the often solitary room seemed to have known the wisp broom, which was always in sight.
On the road we found one school house, ten miles from Toccoa. It was a little pine log cabin on a hillside, in an old field grown up to scattered pines. The door was fastened with a staple and hasp, with a stick for a lock. I made bold to enter the mountam seminary. It could not have been over twelve feet square; the loose boards which constituted the ceiling were but little over six feet from the floor. There were some pine slab beaches with the bark on, and a pine table for the teacher, and a brush broom. There was a stone fireplace, and in the corner lay an armful of pine knots. I picked up a tattered spelling-book from the floor. A poor place this, I thought, and yet on this humble altar is kindled learning’s sacred flame. This tattered book is the key that unlocks all. This may bring to the mountain child all that is recorded in our English speech of the studies of the wise, the wit of the bright and gay, the valor of the brave. “Stone walls do not a prison make, nor iron bars a cage,” nor can this rude hut shut in or cabin or confine the soul that is inspired of heaven. From this old field the sower may go forth to sow the field which is the world.
Nature has been kind to these hills in one respect. Such a profusion of wild flowers I never saw in any other country. One ravine was lined on both sides with honeysuckles as far as the eye could reach; great patches of violets and a sort of dwarf fieur de lis brightened the ground; and the dogwood reared its head of snow everywhere. The prodigal hand of nature seems to satisfy the natives. I saw, however, a great thicket of yellow roses in front of one cabin, and a shrub with flowers like the fuchsia, which the woman said were called “flower of pear.”
There was among these primitive people some signs of prosperity. The grist mill was about the roughest collection of wooden wheels ever turned by water, but we passed a modern saw mill and several new houses. I hope the country may grow so rich that there will be a change of contour. We did not pass on the road a man, woman, child, horse, cow or dog that was fat.
Source: Southern Letters ©1881

Too Tight Clothing 1894

Below is an article written in Family Magazine ©1894 from a doctor concerned with clothing being too tight.

TOO TIGHT CLOTHING.
BY A FAMILY DOCTOR.

THERE is an old French saying to the effect that we must suffer if we would be beautiful. However true this may be as regards moral characteristics, it is certainly erroneous when applied to physical appearance. There is no beauty in deformity— and to the trained and observant eye there is something repulsive in the painfully distorted foot and the contracted waist—too often seen in those who faithfully follow the follies of fashion.
It is difficult to persuade some people that there is beauty merely in perfect health and vigorous life. Yet we cannot see a prettier sight than the healthy play of a group of children at an age when conventional clothing has not placed its restraints upon them. We do not think of the regularity of feature or of details of clothing at such a time; we admire the activity and grace of movement, and—above all—the natural healthiness of the children.
It is to be regretted that, in his exhaustive work on the Philosophy of Clothes, Carlyle did not add a chapter on the influence of tight clothing on happiness. Perhaps he thought the dignity of his subject was too great for him to descend to a criticism of the follies in dress for which so many women (and men) suffer in silence. The first and main object of wearing clothes is to protect the body—to keep it warm in cold weather and cool in hot weather. Mere personal adornment was originally a secondary consideration. Clothes act in virtue of being bad conductors of heat and so preventing the too quick passage of heat to or from the body. Different kinds of materials are efficacious according to the slowness or quickness with which they allow the conduction of heat. Woollen materials are best (hence the value of woollen underclothing, which tends to maintain a very equable temperature of the body—so that we are better able to withstand sudden changes of weather, draughts, etc.), and an order of comparative merit through furs, silk, and cotton, to linen might be drawn up. But in this paper I propose to consider more particularly the influence upon health of tight-fitting clothing.
The more loosely clothing fits, the less it conducts heat, because a layer of air is interposed between it and the body—and air is an exceedingly bad conductor of heat This protecting layer of air enables the body in winter to keep its normal temperature the more easily, because the heat given off at the surface of the body passes slowly through it; whereas if the clothing fit too closely to the skin, heat is dissipated with much greater rapidity. In summer time, on the other hand, the air in which we move is not so warm as the objects upon
which the sun's rays fall directly, and so the surface of the clothes may become much hotter than the air surrounding them. The advantage of the layer of air is obvious also in this case. Therefore we see that in hot and in cold weather, too tightly-fitting clothing defeats the first and great object of wearing clothes and tends to exhaust the bodily strength and make it unfit for work.
Again, the clothing must be so constructed as not to interfere with the freedom of the movement of any part of the body ; otherwise the due performance of some function is interfered with, so that injury results. There are two articles of clothing very frequently worn too tight. A small foot may be a desirable possession, but it is useless to attempt to obtain it by the compression of the foot by too small a pair of boots. Freedom of movement is at once impaired and graceful easy walking is a sheer impossibility. The victim of tight boots is self-revealed by the ungainly gait—a much more conspicuous infirmity than a large foot. In addition to the discomfort necessarily experienced, permanent injury may be caused to the structures of the foot. Deformity of the toes results, and one particular deformity, known as "Hammer toe," is often thus produced, the pressure of the boot causing the toes to override one another. The great toe becomes turned outwards, the ball becomes unduly prominent and walking becomes difficult. A commoner result of a tight shoe is the formation of corns. Whenever any part of the body is subjected to intermittent pressure, thickening of the tissues occurs at that spot, and a corn is the result—which is capable of causing extreme pain, especially if slightly inflamed. The ill-effects of tight shoes are sometimes increased by having the heel (which is generally much too high) placed almost under the middle of the foot and the climax of absurdity is reached by making the front of the shoe point sharply. By this type of shoe ingrowing toe nail—a most painful condition—is often induced.
The corset is also very frequently worn too tight. I recognise the futility of protest. I admit its usefulness, but I also assert its pernicious influence when too tight. As a means of support the corset is doubtless of use, but worn too tightly it presses down the diaphragm, and it interferes with the organs of digestion and circulation. It is notorious how frequently very tightly-laced ladies suffer from chronic indigestion. How often do they faint in church and other places where the heat may be excessive! Nor is the effect of tight clothing confined to such complaints. The bones and organs suffer from its influence, and after death they are found to be deeply grooved corresponding to the points of pressure and greatly displaced. 1 have no doubt whatever but that many of the nervous complaints from which women suffer originate in this way.
Kor are men altogether free from this fault of tight
lacing. Many wear tight belts, especially when about to engage in violent exercise. Rupture may thus be caused.
The frequency with which soldiers are affected has been attributed—no other cause can be assigned—to the tight tunic in which they are habitually dressed. Tight cravats are also injurious ; the neck should be loosely clothed. Tight garters interfere with the flow of blood through the veins, and a tendency to varicose veins results. How great the influence of tight clothing is, is shown by a comparison of the frequency with which soldiers and sailors suffer from diseases of the great blood vessels.
Pressure of clothing from its weight may also act injuriously. The full-flowing long skirts are suspended from the waist, which is thus tightly compressed.
Lastly, tight gloves may cause much discomfort. I know of no more painful sensation than that produced by wearing a tightly-fitting pair of kid gloves on a cold day.
The only defence of tight clothing which has been offered is that it is a dictate of fashion and that it is artistic. !t can never be too fully realised that a bust out of all proportion to a small waist is a defiance of the laws of symmetry, and its incongruity is its most definite and absolute condemnation. Any interference with the natural conformation of the body re-acts by interfering with some bodily function and when the bodily functions are hampered and checked, injury to some particular part generally results. Very often the general health suffers, and another victim is sacrificed to the ruthless dictates of fashion.

Railroad Approach to Cincinnati, OH 1875

This is the first of a three part series on how various railroads worked their way to Cincinnati, OH.


APPROACHES TO CINCINNATI BY RAIL.
There are five railroad depots, at either of which the traveler who 'approaches Cincinnati by rail is laid down. The Cincinnati, HamilTon And Dayton Depot, the Plum Street Depot, the Ohio And Mississippi Depot, and the Litte Miami Depot are in the city. The Kentucky Central Depot is in Covington.
The Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Depot is the terminus of the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad; the Atlantic and Great Western Railroad, or Erie Railway; the Cincinnati, Richmond and Chicago Railroad; the Dayton and Michigan Railroad; and the Cincinnati, Hamilton and Indianapolis Railroad.

APPROACH NO. 1.
All trains over the five roads named pass through the suburbs, as follows:
Hamilton—25 miles, with 13,000 inhabitants. Situated on the Great Miami Riven An important manufacturing town. Has many fine public buildings and extensive manufactories. The home of a large number of Cincinnati merchants.
Glendale—On the right, 15 miles, with 1,500 inhabitants. An incorporated village; laid out in 1851. Possesses several handsome churches and an extensive female college. One of the quietest, handsomest, and most retired suburbs of the city; the home of many of Cincinnati's wealthiest citizens. It is only eleven miles from here by the fine turnpike that leads to the city.
After leaving Glendale the line crosses Mill Creek four times before reaching the depot.
Lockland and Wyoming Station—12 miles; both incorporated villages. Lockland—On the left, with about 1,200 inhabitants. An old established place, situated on the Miami and Erie Canal; bounded on the east by the C, O, C. & I. R. R. (Dayton Short Line), with depot. A thriving place. Possesses some manufactories. Is joined on the east to the incorporated village of Reading, with 3,000 inhabitants. Wyoming—On the right, with about 800 inhabitants. A new place, situated on the Glendale turnpike. The hills of Wyoming, which are crowned with many handsome residences, command an extensive and wide-spread view of the beautiful Mill Creek Valley. The handsome church and most of the fine residences around it seen from the cars were dense woods only a few years ago.
Hartwell—On the left, lOf miles, with 300 inhabitants. Laid out in 1868 by the Hamilton County Building Association. The dwellings are all new, commodious, and of pleasing architecture. Is one of the most beautiful suburbs in the valley.
The large building on the right after leaving Hartwell is the City Infirmary; on the left, the Hamilton County fair grounds and the County Infirmary.
Carthage—On the left, 10 miles, with 1,000 inhabitants. An old established place. A favorite drive from the city by the Avenue road.
The extensive building on high ground to the left is the Longview Lunatic Asylum. The Miami and Erie Canal runs through the asylum grounds between the building and the railroad track. A double track on this line commences here to the city.
WintonPlace—On the right, 64 miles, with about 100inhabitants. A new village upon the borders of the celebrated Spring Grove Cemetery.
On the left is seen the Catholic church and the cemetery of St. Bernard.
The train now enters the beautiful grounds of Spring Grove Cemetery and passes through a line of stately monuments. On the right is visible the Dexter mausoleum, the finest tomb in the place. It is built on the borders of a, small lake, which is crossed by a rustic bridge. There are swans and numerous water-fowl around the lake; and in the Summer time the groves resound with the song of imported and domestic birds. The street-cars come out to the gate of the cemetery, a distance of 6J mile's.
After leaving the cemetery grounds the hills forming the western boundary of Clifton, the finest suburb of the city, become visible on the left, and before arriving at the next station the splendid mansions of Probasco, Shoenberger, and Mrs. Bowler are seen on their summits.
Cumminsville—5 miles, with 4,000 inhabitants. When the whistle sounds for this station the train passes through the exact site on which stood, in the year 1800, a fortification called Ludlow Station. It was the nearest secure military post north of Fort Washington at Cincinnati. The army of General St. Clair was encamped on this spot in 1791. This was the place of last resort by the Indians of the Miami Valley. General Mansfield lived here for a number of years. Cumminsville was founded in 1790. It was for many years an incorporated village, but is now a part of the 25th Ward of Cincinnati. It possesses seven churches of different denominations, some of which are fine buildings. There are two public-schools and a Catholic Orphan Asylum. A large number of beer gardens make it quite a resort for the city. The Marietta Railroad and the Dayton Short Line Railroad have a depot on the left.
From this point to the city the line runs close to Mill Creek, and a little further on at the base of the Western Hills.
The conspicuous red brick building with a turret rising from the roof, and situated on a hill to the right, was originally built as a Baptist educational establishment. It was afterward owned by the Cincinnati Schutzenfest Society as a Summer beer-garden and resort. It is now an Inebriate Asylum.
The large stone building on the left is the House of Refuge. The extensive brick building quite close to it is the city Work House.
After passing these buildings the stock-yards, or cattle market, with their Avenue Hotel, come into view on the left, as also the Avenue, along which, in favorable weather, many fast teams, driven by the sporting men of the city, may be seen from the cars.
Brighton—2 miles, on the left; another station within the city.
From this point to the depot a view of the west end of the city and its surrounding high hills may be obtained. A large proportion of the streets seen to the left have been built within the last few years. The process of filling up the low ground at each side of the creek is being pushed forward very rapidly, and when accomplished the view from the cars in this direction will be less extensive.
The Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton Railroad Depot, corner of Fifth and Hoadley Streets, is within fifteen minutes' walk of the Postoffice. Erected in 1864; length 400 feet; width 60 feet. Has a ladies' and gentlemen's waiting room, a restaurant, and telegraph office. Sidings will accommodate 800 freight cars. Every twenty-four hours twelve passenger and five freight Cincinnati, Hamilton And Dayton Railroad Depot.
trains arrive, and the same number depart from the depot. The officers of the road have their offices in the second story of the building. A round-house, capable of housing twenty-five locomotives, and extensive machine shops, employing forty-five machinists in building and repairing, are located alongside the depot.

Cincinnati Hamilton & Dayton Railroad Depot

Ships

Have you ever wondered what ship your Historical Characters were traveling on during the 19th Century. Below is a list of various ships that comes from Illustrated Marine Encyclopedia ©1890

DIFFERENT RIGS.
Ship. — Full-rigged-ship A three masted ship fore-mast, main-mast, and mizen-mast, each mast is fitted with a topmast, topgallant-mast and royal-mast; all are square rigged, i. e : rigged with yards and square sails. See Plates 73, 74 & 75.
Four-mast-ship. A vessel having four square rigged masts, viz: tore-mast, main-mast, mizen-mast, and jigger-mast. See Plate 76.
Barque. — Bark. A three masted vessel; fore mast, main-mast, and mizen-niast; the two foremast masts are square rigged as in a ship; the after or mizen-mast has no yards, being fitted with a topmast only, and carries a gaff-sail (called the spanken and a gaff-topsail. See Plate 77.
Four-mast-barque. A four masted vessel; fore-mast, main-mast, mizenuiast, and jigger-mast; the three foremost masts are square rigged, the hindmost mast carries no yards, being fitted only with a topmast. See Plate 78.
Barquentine. — Barkentine. A three masted vessel ; fore-mast, mainmast, and mizen-mast. the fore-mast only is square rigged ; the main-and mizen-masts are fitted with topmasts only. See Plate 7tf.
Brig. A two masted vessel; fore-mast and main-mast both square rigged i. e: exactly as the two foremost masts of a full rigged ship, or a barque. See Plate 80.
Snow. Is a Brig as just described to which the name „ Snow" is by some given, when .. Snow-masts " i. e: spars about the thickness of a ..Studding-sail-boom" (and on which „ Trysails" are carried) are fitted close abaft and connected to the ordinary lower-masts of a tt Brig".
Brigantine. A two masted vessel; fore-mast and main-mast, the foremast is square rigged, and the after or main-mast (of a greater length than the tore-mast) carries a boom-sail called „ main-sail'1, and is fitted with a topmast, carrying a gaff-topsail. See Plate 81.
Topsail-schooner. — A two masted vessel ; fore-mast and main-mast; the fore-mast is fitted with yards and square sails, which are lighter than those of a brigantine, and carrying a loose square foresail (only used when sailing with a fair wind); the main, or after mast is rigged like the after mast in a brigantine. See Plate 82.
Three-mast-topsail-schooner. A three masted vessel: fore-mast, mainmast, and mizen-mast. — The fore-mast is rigged like the fore-mast in a topsail-schooner; and the two after masts are fitted with boom-sails, and gaff-topsails, like those in a barquentine. See Plate 79.
Fore and aft schooner. — Bermuda-schooner. — Common-schooner. A two masted vessel; the lower masts are generally long, and fitted with a short topmast without yards; and they carry only boom-sails and gaff-topsails. See Plato 82.
Three-mast fore and aft schooner. A three masted vessel; usually with long lower masts, and short topmasts; on which boom-sails and gafftopsails are carried. See Plate 83.
Chasse-maree. — Lugger. A small three masted vessel (french); with fore-mast, main-mast, and jigger-mast; on all of which lug-sails are carried. See Plate 84.
Cutter. A one mast vessel; with topmast and running-bowsprit, carries a mainsail, gaff-topsail, staysail, and jibs. See Plate 84.
Sloop. In the mercantile-marine this term is not clearly defined ; — on the Continent it is applied to a vessel frequently of considerable size, having one mast and rigged as a Cutter, but of less finished design and neatness both in the form of the hull, as well as the rig; they are employed in the transport of cargoes over sea, for fishing purposes, etc.
In England the distinction between a Cutter and a Sloop, appears to be; that a Cutter is fitted with a long running bowsprit, and carries a fore-staysail, and one or more jibs; while a Sloop is fitted with a short standing bowsprit (also called ..Bumkin") on which one head-sail only, comprising fore-staysail and jib in one, is carried.
Yawl. A Yacht or other small vessel built and rigged as a Cutter, but having in addition a small mast, called jigger-mast, on which a lateen-sail is carried, placed at her extreme after end.

1893 Fashions

Here's an article about fashion from The Illustrated American ©1893. Followed by a detailed bodice on a lady.

Fashions.
A JUDICIOUS critic remarks "that there is almost as much art displayed in the putting on of a hat as in concocting the article itself." Indeed, unless a woman is prepared to take infinite pains in this matter, she should not even attempt to wear these tricky new shapes at all. Iiut they are very beguiling. For example, there is a wide felt hat of old pink, with the brim a trifle raised at the side, which, properly adjusted, frames the face delightfully. It was dressed with osprey and ostrich plumes, and a large velvet bow and buckle; but then, the shape is the principal thing.
A set of prett) bridesmaids' hats, now on exhibition, have wide brims of soft brown felt, the crowns of velvet in a rich shade of blue, with blue ospreys and brown ostrich feathers at one side. Soft felt brims, with velvet or cloth crowns of a contrasting shade, offer one of the smart novelties of the season. Some of the brims are cut up the back in two places, and the middle part curves upward like a high comb. The trimming is merely a wide spreading bow of ribbon with a full aigrette set up smartly in front.
The softly curving Gainsborough, with its crown of plumes and drooping feathers, is becoming to every face and continues to be exceedingly fashionable. A touch of color is frequently added, and always with good taste, in the shape of two or more deep crimson or petunia tinted velvet roses.
The boat shaped hat in felt, with a colored cloth crown and ostrich tips, is one of the successes of the season.
A bonnet of the Second Empire has a buckle in front made of turquoises and rubies, with square pointed ends standing well out at each side. The crown, of tomato velvet, is perfectly square.
A charming bonnet for an old lady is made of petunia colored velvet and the pretty velvet roses of the same shade that are so very fashionable. An elongated bow of red piece velvet formed another bonnet, that was longer in shape and suited to the hair dressed low on the neck. It had donkey ears of velvet standing up over the forehead and turning downward at the back.
The very best modes from the Medicis period will be adopted as time goes on, and even now some beautiful gowns are made after the epoch when Catharine ruled France. A costume of the time of Henri Trois is of a bold patterned yellow brocade, bordered with mousse mirroire velvet, edged with jet. The bodice is square, with an ample rape of velvet.
Velvet capes with narrow fur borderings are quite a feature of the season. They can be small and full, reaching just to the shoulder; or longer, hovering halfway between the hip and knee; or very long, almost touching the ground. Of velvet or cloth, with narrow fur binding, they are worn by day and night. Some are entirely of sable. In violet velvet, lined with silk just matching the sable trimming, these cloaks are most beautiful. This color is in vogue avjain, for dresses as well as millinery, and it combines with sable or beaver, the two paramount favorites of the day. Any woman who possesses sables is to be envied, for they are the acme of modishness and can be used tt> any extent.
Violet is so much the fashion of the moment that the shade is even used in veils which are powdered with graduated chenille dots, the largest being around the edge.
Quilted silk lea gowns, especially in old pink, with a trim^ ming of narrow fur, are cosy winter garments. Most of them have a Watteau back falling from the yoke. One recently prepared for a bride was in the palest shade of old pink satin, powdered with little flowers in a deeper shade, and had two widths of the same colored velvet, split in half, fastened to the front of the arm hole, and then apparently tossed over the shoulders and allowed to fall at the back down each side of the plait. The front was plain and straight, with a deep jabot of point lace from neck to waist.
The daintiest of petticoats are prepared for evening wear, such as white silk, with white, pale p.'.ik, blue or gold colored flounces, partially veiled with cream colored lace. This flouncing can be bought by the yard.